Botany Lecture 1.1-2.1

This refers to the branch of biology that deals with the study of plants

Botany

A branch of botany that deals with the study of a plant’s internal structure

Plant Anatomy

A branch of botany that deals with the study of a plant’s external structure

Plant Morphology

A branch of botany that deals with the study of a plant’s functions and processes

Plant Physiology

A branch of botany that deals with the study of a plant’s identification, naming, classification and evolutionary relationships

Plant Taxonomy and Systematics

A branch of botany that deals with the study of a plant’s heredity, genetic variation, and inheritance

Plant Genetics

A branch of botany that deals with the study of a plant’s interactions between plants and their environment

Plant Ecology

A branch of botany that deals with the study of a plant’s origin and diversification of plant species throught time

Plant Evolution

These are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom Plantae that produce their own food primarily through photosynthesis.

Plants

This refers to organisms with true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes

This refers to the diploid (2n) stage of a plant that produces haploid spores through meiosis.

Sporophyte Stage

This refers to the haploid (n) stage of a plant that produces gametes through mitosis.

Gametophyte Stage

Plants store food in what form?

Starch

Carbohydrates are commonly stored as what form in plants?

Starch

The ability of plants to move towards sunlight

Phototropism

Enumerate the four major plant groups

Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts belong to what major plant group?

Bryophytes

In this plant group, plants have no vessels, no flowers nor seeds, and usually found in a moist environment

Bryophytes

Ferns and horsetails belong to this major plant group

Pteridophytes

This vascular tissue facilitates the flow of water and nutrition from roots to leaves

Xylem

This vascular tissue facilitates the flow of sugar and other metabolic products from leaves to roots

Phloem

This major plant group consists of simple plants with only vascular systems and no flowers, cones, or fruits

Pteridophytes

This refers to the dot-like structures underneath the mature leaves of ferns

Sori

This is the structure that produces spores

Sporangia

This plant group is referred to as naked seeds

Gymnosperms

Conifers belong to this major plant group

Gymnosperms

In gymnosperms, what contains the seeds?

Cones

In this major plant group, seeds are not enclosed within an ovary which is why it’s referred to as “naked”

Gymnosperms

Flowering plants belong to this major plant group

Angiosperms

This part of the flower contains the pollen

Anther

Male part of the flower

Stamen

Female part of the flower

Pistil

On which part of the flower does the pollen tree grow?

Stigma

This is the food of the zygote of plants

Endosperm

The process where one pollen fertilizes the ovule and another goes to the central nuclei to form the endosperm.

Double Fertilization

In plant cells, this is the boundary between cells

Cell Wall

This is the unit of the protoplasm inside the cell

Protoplast

This compound serves as defenses for plants

Alkaloids

This separates the protoplast from its external environment

Plasma Membrane

This mediates transport of substances in and out of the protoplast

Plasma Membrane

This organelle detects and facilitates responses to hormonal and environmental stimuli

Plasma Membrane

This organelle serves as the storage compartment for primary metabolites and reserve proteins. This also aids in the removal of toxic secondary metabolites, serves as a site for pigment deposition, and is involved in the breakdown of macromolecules and recycling of their components within the cell

Plant Vacuole

This organelle controls the ongoing activities of the cell and stores the genetic information

Nucleus

This organelle controls growth, metabolism, coordinates cellular activity, and cell division

Nucleus

This organelle serves as the ribosome factory

Nucleolus

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

This ER is responsible for lipid production

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

This ER is responsible for the production of proteins and has ribosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

This organelle is the site of protein synthesis

Ribosome

Collective term for chloroplast, chromoplast, and leucoplast

Plastids

This is the site for photosynthesis which contains chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments

Chloroplast

This contains carotenoids only and is responsible for yellow, orange, or red coloration in some parts of plants

Chromoplast

This plastid lacks pigments but is responsible for the formation of a variety of substances including oils and proteins

Leucoplast

This organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell and is responsible for ATP production

Mitochondria

The mitochondria produces ATP through what process?

Cellular Respiration

This organelle is responsible for the biosynthesis of amino acids, vitamin cofactor and fatty acids. This also plays a pivotal role in the programmed cell death

Mitochondria

This is a genetically determined process that leads to the death of a cell

Programmed Cell Death

This organelle plays an important role in photorespiration

Peroxisome

This refers to the process that consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Photorespiration

This organelle is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of non-cellulosic polysaccharide destined for incorporation in the cell wall. This is also responsible for further processing, sorting, and secreting of glycoprotein to the vacuole or outside the cell

Golgi Apparatus

This is the process by which a cell releases substances outside the cell

Exocytosis

This organelle keeps water, hydrates cells, keep nutrients and pigments, maintains cell shape, and maintains turgor pressure

Central Vacuole

This is responsible for the adjustment and proper alignment of different organelles in an enlarging and differentiating cell. This also directs secretory golgi vesicle containing non-cellulosic cell wall substances for a growing cell.

Microtubule

This forms a spindle fiber that is essential in the chromosome movement and cell plate division in an actively dividing cell.

Microtubule

This primarily supports microtubules

Actin Filament

This provides mechanical support for the plasma membrane

Intermediate Filament

This refers to the genetically programmed and environmentally regulated process of growth, differentiation, morphogenesis, and reproduction that shapes the structure and function of a plant throughout its cycle

Plant Development

Enumerate the core processes of plant development

Growth, Differentiation, Morphogenesis, and Reproduction

A core process of plant development that causes cells to increase in size and biomass through cell division and cell expansion

Growth

A core process of plant development that causes cells to become specialized to form different tissues and functions

Differentiation

A core process of plant development that causes cells and tissues to be organized into organs and structures

Morphogenesis

A core process of plant development that causes the formation of gametes, fertilization, and development of seeds and fruits

Reproduction

What regulates plant development?

Genetic Regulation, Plant Hormones, and Environmental Cues

Enumerate the major characteristics of plant development

Continuous or indeterminate growth, cellular differentiation, morphogenesis, developmental plasticity, genetic regulation, hormonal regulation

In this major characteristic of plant development, plants can continue growing and producing new organs throughout their lives becomes their meristems remain active

Continuous or Indeterminate Growth

In this major characteristic of plant development, initially unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

Cellular Differentiation

In this major characteristic of plant development, cells and tissues become organized into specific structures and organs

Morphogenesis

In this major characteristic of plant development, plants can modify their growth and development in response to environmental conditions

Developmental Plasticity

In this major characteristic of plant development, development is controlled by coordinated expression of genes and regulatory networks

Genetic Regulation

In this major characteristic of plant development, plant hormones coordinate cell division, expansion, differentiation, and organ formation

Hormonal Regulation

Enumerate the major stages of plant development

Embryonic Development, Vegetative Development, Reproduction Development, Post-Reproductive Development

This major stage of plant development includes the zygote formation, embryo and seed

Embryonic Development

This major stage of plant development includes the germination, root, stem, and leaf formations

Vegetative Development

This major stage of plant development includes the floral transition, flowers, gametophytes, and fertilization

Reproductive Development

This major stage of plant development includes the fruit/seed maturation, senescence, and dispersal

Post-Reproductive Development

What forms when the nucleus of a pollen fertilizes the nucleus of an egg cell in the ovule?

Zygote

What do you call the male gametophyte?

Pollen

What do you call the female gametophyte?

Embryo Sac

This serves as the highway for which pollen is delivered to the ovule

Pollen Tube

How many nucleus does a pollen have?

2

What forms when the second nucleus of a pollen meets the central nuclei?

Endosperm

This is the natural aging process of a plant or plant organ, during which cells gradually lose function and eventually die.

Senescence

What type of crops usually undergo senescence?

Annual Crops

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase and Cell Division

What are the phases of interphase?

G1, S Phase, and G2

In this phase of interphase, all organelles except the nucleus duplicates

G1

In this phase of interphase, all genetic material within the nucleus duplicates

S Phase

In this phase of interphase, protein synthesis in preparation for cell division occurs

G2

Two types of cell division

Mitosis and Meiosis

What are the six fundamental cellular processes?

Cell Division, Cell Expansion, Cell Differentiation, Cell Polarity, Cell Communication, and Programmed Cell Death