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Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
A record of electrical impulses of the heart produced by an electrocardiograph.
Tricuspid valve
The valve found between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve)
The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Echocardiography (ECHO)
The use of ultrasonic waves directed through the heart to study the structure and motion of the heart.
Pulmonary vein
The vein that brings oxygenated blood back to the left atrium.
Right atrium
The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
Cardiac cycle
A complete heartbeat that can be divided into diastole and systole phases.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
The pacemaker of the heart.
Bundle of His
The part of the conduction system located in the upper interventricular septum.
Purkinje fibers
Fibers that transmit the electrical impulse quickly and efficiently to the ventricular cardiac cells.
Polarized state
The resting state of a cardiac cell before an impulse hits it.
Repolarized state
The recovery phase after an impulse passes over the cardiac cell.
Deflection
Movement away from the baseline in a tracing, indicating electrical flow of the heart.
Interval
A period of time between two points or events during which waves can occur.
P wave
The first deflection in the ECG tracing, representing atrial depolarization.
PR segment
The isoelectric line following the P wave, indicating the period between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization.
QRS complex
Summarizes ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization in the ECG.
T wave
The wave that follows the ST segment, reflecting electrical activity from ventricular repolarization.
Electrode
A single-use disposable adhesive tab placed on the skin to conduct electrical impulses.
Bipolar leads
Leads created from a measurement of current traveling between two points: Lead I, II, and III.
Augmented leads
Unipolar leads that provide information on the vertical or frontal plane of the heart.
ECG paper
Special paper used by ECG machines to record electrical activity; can be either Z-folded or standard size.
Chart speed
Regulates the speed of the paper during ECG recording; default is set at 25 mm/s.
Somatic tremor artifact
Appears as jagged peaks on the ECG tracing, caused by involuntary or voluntary movement.
AC interference artifact
Appears as a series of small spikes on an ECG tracing due to electrical interference.
Wandering baseline artifact
An upward and downward movement of the waveform due to poor skin preparation or electrode issues.
Interrupted baseline artifact
Occurs when the tracing looks normal initially but then fluctuates due to interrupted electrical connections.
Premature atrial contraction (PAC)
A condition where the atria contract sooner than they should.
Heart block
A disruption or slowing of the electrical impulse through the heart.
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)
A life-threatening condition where the ventricles quiver uncontrollably.
Holter monitor
A device used to monitor the heart over a 24 to 48-hour period during normal activities.
Cardiac event recorder
A portable ECG device activated by the patient when symptoms occur.
Diastole phase
The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is at rest and the atria fill with blood.
Bachmann’s bundle
A specialized intermodal tract that takes the impulse to the left atrium.
Isoelectric line
A straight line in an ECG tracing indicating a period of no electrical activity.
Complex
A waveform made up of multiple waves, such as the QRS complex.
Chest electrodes (V leads)
Unipolar leads placed on the chest to capture electrical activity of the heart.
Electrode application
Placement of electrodes on the patient's body to ensure an accurate ECG reading.
Gain or sensitivity
Regulates the height or amplitude of the ECG tracing.
Sinus rhythm
A normal heart rhythm originating from the SA node.
Sinus bradycardia
A slower than normal heart rate, typically below 60 beats per minute.
Sinus tachycardia
A faster than normal heart rate, typically above 100 beats per minute.
Exercise stress test preparation
Instructions for patients on dress, medication use, and pre-test restrictions before an exercise stress test.
Nuclear stress test
A test showing blood flow to the heart muscle during rest and activity through radioactive substances.
ECG machine maintenance
Guidelines for maintaining ECG machines and ensuring accurate readings.
Electrolyte gel
Substance in electrodes that helps improve conductivity of electrical impulses to the ECG machine.
Lead wires
Wires that connect electrodes to the ECG machine to transmit electrical impulses.
Artifact
Any distortion in an ECG tracing that does not reflect the true electrical activity of the heart.
Patient positioning for ECG
Instructions for the patient's positioning during an ECG recording to avoid artifacts.
ECG lead configuration
Specific arrangement of leads on the patient's body to record a 12-lead ECG.
Baseline filter
A feature of an ECG machine that helps filter out low-frequency noise from the tracing.
Intercostal space
The space between ribs where chest electrodes are placed.
Ventricular repolarization
The process where the ventricles reset electrically after contraction, represented in the T wave.
ECG waveforms
Shapes produced by the electrical activity of the heart, including P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.
Lead II configuration
Bipolar lead measuring current from the right arm to the left leg.
Lead III configuration
Bipolar lead measuring current from the left leg to left arm.
Lead I configuration
Bipolar lead measuring current from the right arm to the left arm.
الزمن
Period of time between two events, as demonstrated by intervals in the ECG.
Basal heart rate
The resting heart rate when the body is at rest.
Pacemaker management
Oversight of devices or biological structures that regulate heartbeat.
Sonogram interpretation
Understanding of images produced by ultrasound, often linked to echocardiography.
Lead placement removal
Actions taken to accurately remove and replace electrodes for ECG testing.
Patient consent form
Document signed by the patient agreeing to the procedure.
V4 electrode placement
Located at the fifth intercostal space on the mid-clavicular line.
V5 electrode placement
Located on the left anterior axillary line.
Cardiac output measurement
Calculation of blood volume pumped by the heart per minute.
Blood flow observations
Monitoring the movement of blood through the heart and its chambers.
Heart condition assessment
Evaluation of heart health including rhythm, valve function, and overall performance.
Respiratory influences on ECG
How a patient's breathing can affect ECG readings and tracings.
Trace quality assessment
Review of ECG accuracy by analyzing waveforms for artifacts or discrepancies.
Electrode application technique
Method for properly placing electrodes for effective ECG readings.
Chart speed settings
Adjustable parameter affecting the speed of ECG paper movement during recordings.
Diagnostic ECG capabilities
The ability of an ECG to reveal heart conditions based on electrical recording.
Testing artifacts identification
Recognition of artifacts during ECG to ensure accurate results.
Advanced signal characteristics
Analyzing unique properties of ECG signals for specialized diagnostic insights.
Inotropes effects
Medications that affect the force of cardiac contraction.
Ventricular hypertrophy criteria
Indicators on ECG that suggest thickening of ventricular walls.
Heart rhythm assessment implications
Understanding the significance of identified rhythms during evaluation.
Long-term cardiac monitoring functions
Purpose and methodology of ongoing heart activity observation, like with Holter monitors.
Optimal lead configurations
Best practices for arranging leads based on patient anatomy.
ECG technician responsibilities
Duties of the medical staff conducting ECG tests and interpreting results.
Stakeholder engagement in ECG practices
Involvement of healthcare teams in improving ECG procedures and outcomes.
Patient feedback protocols
Methods to gather patient impressions regarding their ECG experience.
Technology upgrades in ECG systems
Implementing new advancements in equipment for better cardiovascular diagnostics.
Clinical education for ECG technicians
Training programs aimed at enhancing ECG skills among healthcare workers.
Data security in ECG transport
Measures to protect sensitive patient information during ECG data handling.
Cross-disciplinary collaboration in heart health
Partnerships between various medical specialties to improve heart care.
Public awareness about ECG significance
Community education initiatives on the importance of ECG testing in overall health.
Research developments in electrocardiography
Emerging trends and studies focused on enhancing ECG methodologies.
