BIOETHICS: HUMAN SEXUALITY & ITS MORAL EVALUATION

is defined as the totality of experiences, systems, attributes, and behavior that characterize the sexual sensation, reproduction, and intimacy of Homo Sapiens (Grebe & Diera 2018).

Human Sexuality

• APS&P

- aspects and perspectives of sexual concepts that needs to be understood.

- It is useful to understand the relationship of the person and sex that mirrors the relationship between the person and the body.

- The differentiation and complementarity of the sexes is discerned in the biological design of the body.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SEXUALITY AND PROCREATION

- The neuroendocrine factors that are linked to the last chromosomal pair of X or Y and are marked by major differences in the ____________.

- (ovaries for women-internal, and testicles for men - external)

Gonads

strongly influences how Filipinos view sexuality, marriage, and family.

Catholic morality

- is vested with the authority of the true interpretation of the Holy Book's content

Magisterium

• CCC

The book ________________ echoes all the Catholic magisterial teachings, including teachings on sexual ethics

Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC)

must respect human dignity and follow God's design.

Sexuality

Two inseparable purposes:

_________(love-giving): signifies, expresses and incarnates the mutual love between husband and wife; authentic total self-giving

__________(life-giving): inherent orientation to the transmission of life

- Unitive (love-giving)

- Procreative (life-giving)

Not just biological or psychological — it's connected to love and free self-giving.

Sexuality & Love

_______________: Between persons of different sexes, no physical/genital involvement.

_______________: Involves the whole person in a reciprocal personal donation.

- Sexed relation

- Genital sexual relation

Freud's View: _________ is central to the personality structure and arises from the subconscious.

Sexuality

• POSL

- It studies the meaning and purpose of sexual inclinations.

- It helps us understand love as something that values the person and unites two people.

Phenomenology of Sexual Life

• SI

- In animals, sexual impulse is only an instinct.

- In humans, it can be transformed into love.

- This transformation gives dignity and meaning to human relationships.

Sexual Impulse

Desire to Love:

_____________(IA): "I desire you because you are good for me."

_____________(TL): "I desire your good," "I desire what is good for you."

Love goes beyond physical desire it becomes benevolent and selfless.

- Impulse alone

- True love

• BOL

- Love between persons is based on benevolence — wanting what is best for the other.

- This love is described as spousal love — a love that is a gift of self.

Basis of Love

• SL

- Self-giving and self-fulfilling.

- True love happens only through a free and mutual choice to give oneself to another.

Spousal Love

• DAR

- In love, both persons freely give and receive.

- They recognize and know each other deeply

- This recognition is a gift of self — an absolute gift of love.

Donation and Recognition

- allows individuals to make choices guided by conscience and values.

- It gives meaning to human actions, especially in relationships.

- not about pleasure alone it's about choosing what is right and loving.

_________ - in sexuality expresses authentic love and personal integrity.

Freedom

- ensures respect for one's own dignity and that of others.

- Being __________ means thinking about how choices affect others.

- gives direction to freedom.

Responsibility

- work together to create meaningful intimacy.

• When expressed responsibly, sexuality strengthens interpersonal relationships.

• It becomes part of one's personal growth and spiritual development.

Freedom and responsibility

Family Code of the Philippines:

-"A special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman."

-Entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life.

Marriage

SIGNIFICANCE:

-It is the foundation of the family and an inviolable social institution.

-Its nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law.

Marriage

_________: Since the law provides that marriage is a permanent contract

Indissoluble

• IPU

Purpose: The union is entered into for the establishment of conjugal and family life, meaning it seeks conjugality and procreativeness (having children).

Implications of a Permanent Union

Characteristics of Marital Love

Human

Total

Faithful

Exclusive

Fruitful

: Not merely flesh & spirit, but involves emotion, act of the will, and grows in daily life; a union of hearts.

Human

: A special form of friendship where the couple gives everything, is unselfish, and fully receives & gives all.

Total

: A commitment showing faithfulness to God: "I will not abandon you, forsake you."

Faithful

: The gift is to one person to the exclusion of all others.

Exclusive

: The love goes beyond the couple, destined to raise up new life, which is the supreme gift of marriage.

Fruitful

A Summary of Legal and Moral Commitment:

__________: A permanent, indissoluble contract between a man and a woman, governed by the State.

__________: The foundation of the family and society's stability.

__________: Total, faithful, exclusive, and fruitful love and a union of hearts.

- Legally

- Socially

- Morally

refers to sexual relationships that occur beyond the boundaries of legal and moral marital commitments.

Sex Outside Marriage

- sexual activity between two people who are not married to each other.

- It usually occurs in romantic relationships before marriage and is often influenced by emotional, social, or peer factors.

Premarital Sex or "before marriage"

- when a married person has sex with someone other than their spouse.

Extramarital sex or adultery

-FCOTP

-defines and governs the legal, moral, and ethical foundations of marriage, including the conditions that render a marriage void or subject to annulment.

Family Code of the Philippines

: bigamous or polygamous marriages are considered void from the beginning.

Article 35

: outlines grounds for annulment if certain conditions existed at the time of marriage.

Article 45

___________: stipulates that a petition for legal separation may be filed under these circumstances:

Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct

Moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliation

Corruption,

Imprisonment of more than six years, even if pardoned

Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism

Bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines of abroad

Sexual infidelity

Attempt against the life of the petitioner

Abandonment of more than one year without justifiable cause.

Article 55 of the family code

____________ (noun): The condition or quality of being homosexual.

____________ (adjective): Refers to a male or female who experiences attraction to the same sex.

- Homosexuality

- Homosexual

Historical Terms:

"___________" (1883) - early term used for homosexuality.

"___________" (1895) - simplified version of the earlier term.

"___________" - used during the 18th-19th centuries to refer to same-sex attraction.

- Sexual inversion

- Inversion

- Unnatural love

In psychology, homosexuality is characterized by:

Romantic or sexual desire,

Emotional or physical attraction,

Sexual activity with people of the same sex.

_________ - A person born with biological traits of both male and female sexes (like chromosomes or organs).

_________ - A person who does not feel sexual attraction to anyone.

_________ - A person who does not feel romantic attraction or desire for romantic relationships.

_________ - A broad term for anyone who is not heterosexual or not cisgender, or who doesn't want a specific label.

_________ - Gender identity differs from assigned sex at birth.

_________ - Gender identity does not fit within male/female categories.

- Intersex

- Asexual

- Aromantic

- Queer

- Transgender (Trans)

- Non-binary (NB)

Methods of Contraception:

Folk methods

Mechanical methods

Chemical Methods

Hormonal Methods

Pre coital/ post coital douche using vinegar

Prolonged lactation

Coitus interruptus and coitus reservatus

Folk methods

condom and diaphragm

Mechanical methods

Vaginal suppository, vaginal tablets, vaginal jellies, creams and foams

Chemical Methods

Contraceptive pills, injections and implants

Hormonal Methods

- (1856-1863) studied the laws governing the transmission of phenotypical characteristics — or the so-called secondary sex characteristics.

G. Mendel

- (1902), a 26-year-old American researcher who studied the behavior of chromosomes during the processes of mitosis and meiosis postulated that the "distinct particulate units" of Mendel's hypothesis must be found in the chromosomes.

W.S. Sutton

- (1909) coined the name "genes."

W. Johansen

: Between 1940-1952: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was found to be the substance that carries the genetic information and is an essential constitutive part of the gene.

First Phase

(1953):

-D. Watson and F.H. Crick developed the hypothetical model of the structure, the double helix.

-E. Chargaff declared that DNA is made up of 4 nitrogenous molecules: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.

Second Phase

: H.G. Khorana and M. Nirenberg deciphered the genetic code, or the language the information is written in and explained how the body decodes it.

Third Phase

: The artificial synthesis of individual genes and the analysis of their activity was studied.

Fourth Phase

- is the introduction of sperm from a man into a woman by laboratory methods to achieve conception.

- It bypasses the natural marital act and allows conception through artificial means.

Artificial insemination

-IVF

- means "in glass," where fertilization happens outside the woman's body.

• Eggs and sperm are combined in a lab dish to form embryos.

• The embryo is then implanted in the woman's womb for gestation.

In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

• Violation of the natural process of procreation

• Destruction or freezing of embryos

• Commercialization of human life

• Psychological and emotional effects on parents and children

Ethical and Moral Issues

Ethico-Moral Responsibility of Nurses

- Respect for life and human dignity

- Provide accurate and compassionate patient education

- Uphold professional integrity and moral values

- Support couples emotionally and spiritually

third-party reproduction in which a woman consents to carry a pregnancy for intended parent(s) who cannot conceive for medical reasons or those who are a gay couple.

Surrogate motherhood

Two forms of surrogacy:

_________ - uses the surrogate mother's egg for conception.

_________ - is performed by transferring embryos made through IVF with eggs from the intended mother or a donor.

- Traditional surrogacy

- Gestational surrogacy

- Expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception before the fetus is viable.

- It is the premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process.

ABORTION

TYPES OF ABORTION:

Complete Abortion

Habitual Abortion

Incomplete Abortion

Induced Abortion

Inevitable Abortion

Infected Abortion

Missed Abortion

Septic Abortion

Spontaneous Abortion

Therapeutic Abortion

Threatened abortion

One in which all the products of conception are expelled from the uterus and identified.

Complete Abortion

Spontaneous abortion occurring in 3 or more successive pregnancies, at about the same level of development.

Habitual Abortion

That with retention of parts of the products of conception.

Incomplete Abortion

That brought on intentionally by mediation or instrumentation.

Induced Abortion

A condition in which vaginal bleeding has been profuse and the cervix has become dilated, and abortion will invariably occur.

Inevitable Abortion

That is associated with infection of genital tract.

Infected Abortion

Retention in the uterus of an abortus that has been dead for at least 8 weeks.

Missed Abortion

That is associated with serious infection of the uterus leading to generalized infection.

Septic Abortion

That occurred naturally. This is also called a miscarriage.

Spontaneous Abortion

That is induced for medical considerations

Therapeutic Abortion

A condition in which vaginal bleeding is less than in inevitable abortion and the cervix is not dilated, and abortion may or may not occur.

Threatened abortion

- is an unlawful activity with sexual intercourse carried out forcibly or under threat of injury against a person's will or with a person who is beneath a certain age or incapable of valid consent

Rape

The term eugenics was coined by the Scientist Francis Galton (1822 1911).

It literally means (eu)good (genos)birth.

Francis Galton was the cousin of Charles Darwin who wrote the evolutionary books Origin of the Species and The Descent of Man. Galton coined the phrase from studying Darwin's works

1.Human Population Control: Eugenics

the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable. undesirable traits.

Negative Eugenics

encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits

Positive Eugenics

- is the deliberate and systematic destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

- has caused the deaths of millions of people throughout history.

- Genocide

- means assisted suicide,

- when a person who is suffering from a long and painful illness chooses to end their life early, with the help of a doctor or another person.

- It is done to stop pain and suffering

- Some people believe it is an act of mercy, while others see it as morally wrong because life is sacred.

EUTHANASIA

- means making a person unable to have children.

- It was done because people wrongly believed that "undesirable traits" should not be passed on to the next generation.

(In the 20th century, many people with mental illness, alcoholism, disabilities, or genetic disorders were forced to be sterilized against their will. This was legal in some parts of the United States for many years.)

STERILIZATION

- means banning marriage or relationships between people of different races.

(In the past, especially in the United States, it was illegal for people of different ethnic backgrounds to marry from the 1600s until 1967. These laws came from racism and the false idea that some races were "better" than others. The Church was often wrongly blamed for supporting these laws, but it was actually driven by people who wanted to protect the so-called "purity" of the white race.)

ANTI-MISCEGENATION

- is the belief that only the strong and healthy should survive and have children.

- It is based on the idea of "survival of the fittest."

(People who believed in this thought that helping the poor, sick, or weak would go against nature's plan. They disliked acts of mercy like giving food, health care, or treatment because they believed it allowed "unfit" people to live and reproduce.)

NEGATIVE EUGENICS ON EVOLUTION

- a time when fewer babies are being born, like a "winter" for people.

- It happens when birth rates go down and more people get older than young ones.

Demographic winter

- means more older people (ages 55-64) are working, while fewer young people are joining the workforce.

- This happens because people live longer and fewer babies are being born

Population aging