Occurs when the sample doesn't exactly match the population. The error is random and will occur even for samples which are well-chosen to avoid bias.
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Measurement Error
Inaccuracies in measurement. Asking people their height (continuous data so won't be exact), wording of questions
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Coverage Error
occur when a sample doesn't fully reflect the population. To avoid this, samples should be sufficiently large and unbiased.
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Non-response errors
Occur when a large # of people selected for a survey choose not to respond to it
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There are two types of sampling. What are they?
Probability Sampling and Non-probability Sampling
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Probability Sampling
Random Sampling; Usually requires a list of the entire population; Most difficult and expensive and implement; better validity
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Non-Probability Sampling
Uses a method that is NOT random; Usually does not sample from the entire population; Less work and cheaper; Validity is worse because it is not a full representation of the population
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Probability Sampling has three options:
Simple Random Sampling, Systemic Sampling, Stratified Sampling Method
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Non-probability Sampling has two options:
Convenience Sampling and Quota Sampling
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Simple Random Sampling:
Obtain a complete list of the population and randomly select participants from it. Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
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Systemic Sampling:
Obtain a list of the population and pick the Nth person. (Picking every 6th person, for example.)
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Stratified Sampling Method:
Dividing the population into similar subpopulations (called strata). Take data from the stratas.
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Convenience Sampling:
The researcher surveys people who are easy to contact and willing to participate
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Quota Sampling:
Participants are non-randomly selected from population subgroups that the researcher determines
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Null Hypothesis
This statement is assumed to be true unless we have enough evidence to reject it.
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Alternative Hypothesis
The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data.
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