SAM - ID (bacterial diseases)

How do animals get infected with Lepto

Urine contaminated water or soil

Once Lepto enters the bloodstream (leptospiremia - vasculitis) what are the top four organs it invades

Kidney

Liver

Eyes (uveitis)

CNS (meningoencephalomyelitis)

Older studies showed outdoor dogs to be getting lepto the most new studies show what type of dogs getting lepto

Smaller dogs (less vaccination)

Top three clinical signs dogs with Lepto are nonspecific such as anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, however, 83% of them have what other clinical sign

Azotaemia

What liver enzyme change do you more commonly see with Lepto, ALT or ALP

ALP (cholestatic disease)

CBC findings with Lepto

Leucocytosis neutrophilia

Mild to moderate anaemia and thrombocytopenia

What findings may you see on urine analysis?

Hypo or isosthenuria

Proteinuria, glucoseuria w/o hyperglycemia, granular or cellular casts (all of these are indicative of tubular damage)

Billirubinuria

Lepto is visible with light microscopy. True or false.

False

What three findings of the kidney would you see with abdominal imaging?

Reno megaly

Hyperechoic cortices

Pyelectasia

What other symptom in Lepto is more common commonly seen in Europe

Pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome

What test is done to diagnose lepto

Microscopic agglutination test + PCR

Note: MAT does not differentiate infection and vaccination. Performs best with convalescent titers

PCR test done before antibiotics

How does the Lepto zoetis differ from the other tests?

Test for IGM antibody

Highly specific

Treatment for lepto

Oral meds, not possible = ampicillin

Oral meds, possible = doxycycline

Rabbit Fever (Tularemia) reservoir host

Rabbits and other small mammals

Tularaemia vectors

Biting flies and ticks

Modes of infection for tularaemia

Ingestion of dead rabbit, or other small mammal

Tick or fly bite

Inhalation

Tularaemia pathophysiology

Survives in macrophages

Spread to lymphatics and then become bacteremic and septic

Reticuloendothelial tissues are most affected

Supparative to pyogranulomatous Information (necrosis common)

Clinical findings in cats with tularemia

Anorexia lethargy fever

Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly

Jaundice

Oral ulcer

Shock (sepsis)

How do cats present in shock?

Hypothermia, hypotension, bradycardia

Note: go straight into decompensation state unlike dogs

Best way to definitively diagnose tularaemia

Clinical findings consistent with disease

Necropsy you will see necrotic foci in liver

Treatment choice for tularaemia

Fluoroquinolone's

Gentamycin and doxycycline also acceptable

Is tularaemia zoonotic

Yes

Plague transmission

Flea bite

Ingest infected rodent

Airborne

Pathophysiology of plague

Spreads to local lymph nodes

Haematogenous spread

Further spread to lungs

Comes in three forms = lymph nodes (bubonic plague) sepsis (septicaemic plague), pneumonic plague

Which form of plague has the most zoonotic potential?

Pneumonic plague

Most common clinical finding you will see with plague

Lymphadenopathy (especially submandibular lymph nodes)

Geographic area prone to plague

Western US

Most common method of diagnosing plague

Cytology

Bipolar safety pin cocobacilli

Treatment for plague

Doxycycline

Bruella modes of transmission

Utero

Vaginal or seminal secretions

Aborted fetus

Urine

Aside from Bruella canis dogs can also get infected with

Brucella suis

(ingest, infected pig meat)

Bruella causes acute or chronic bacteremia

Chronic

(different from tularaemia)

Brucella disease can be vague chronic with minimal clinical signs

You should be suspicious when you see reproductive failure, late term abortions, early neonatal death orchitis, epididymitis and what other conditions

Disco spondylitis

Anterior uveitis and chorioretinitis (unilateral)

Number one screening test for Bruella

Serology

Note: can take up to three months to seroconvert after infection

Treatment for Bruella

Doxycycline + gentamycin

Doxycycline + enrofloxacin

What causes songbird fever?

Salmonella enteric a

Cats who eat songbirds

What range of clinical signs can you see with salmonella?

No clinical signs all the way to septic shock

Starts in G.I. with diarrhoea that is mucoid and haemorrhagic with vomiting

Songbird fever presentation

Fever, pancytopenia, and hyperbilirubinaemia (with or without diarrhoea)

Note: septicaemia causes mild elevation in bilirubin

Key findings in lab work with septic salmonella patient

Hyperbilirubinaemia

Hypoalbuminaemia

Hypoglycaemia

Thrombocytopenia

Prolonged clotting times

Does a positive culture or PCR prove salmonella is the cause of disease

No

Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC) causes ________

Histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Which two animals are predisposed to histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Boxers

French bulldogs

Clinical signs with histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Severe large bowel diarrhoea

How to diagnose HUC

Fluorescent in situ hybridization

Treatment = enrofloxacin

Most common mode of transmission for TB

Inhalation

Most common mode of transmission for NTM

Ingestion and inoculation

Which dogs are prone to microbacterium avium - intracellulare complex

Miniature schnauzers

Basset hounds

Most common clinical findings you see with M bovis, and tuberculosis and NTM

Bovis = cutaneous and SQ nodules with ulcer or draining tracks

Tuberculosis = pulmonary

NTM = dissemination

Where are the cutaneous lesions most commonly found with mycobacterium

Head and inguinal

Sub mandibular lymph node

How to diagnose microbacterium

Cytology or histopath

Euthanasia is recommended if tuberculosis or bovis infection. True or false.

True