AHI Prelim Revision

Historians typically use only __________ sources

written

Archaeologists use the __________ __________ of past societies.

material remains

Difference between sources and evidence

Sources are artefacts, evidence is the information gathered from the source

Numisitcs

Study of coinage

Evidence coins can reveal:

names or symbols, current leader, important gods and other figures, possible date for other artefacts (e.g. earliest date for a building)

In 44 BCE, Caesar named himself __________ __________ (meaning dictator for life).

Dictator Propetur

Caesar was assassinated on March 15th, 44 BCE by a group called the __________.

Liberators

Caesar was the last Roman __________, his successors were all __________(s).

dictator, emperors

First Five Roman Emperors (in order):

Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero

How was Caligula seen after the reign of Tiberius?

as a new, golden age following the previous dark reign

What happened to Caligula’s biological family?

After Caligula’s mother accused Emperor Tiberius of murdering her husband, the mother and her family were condemned as enemies of the state, and were forced to commit suicide.

How did Caligula become apart of Tiberius’ family?

While Caligula originally lived with his grandmother after being spared from his family’s condemnation, Tiberius later summoned him to live with his family.

How did Caligula become the Roman Emperor?

Caligula had the support of the people and army as the son of Germanicus, forcing Tiberius to name his adoptive and biological sons as joint successors; though this was ignored by the Senate who handed sole control to Caligula following Tiberius’ death.

While the first years of Caligula’s were a period of euphoria, before his first summer as leader was over, the Emperor suffered a:

physical and mental breakdown which change him for life, as he suffered headaches and sleepless nights as an effect.

What was Caligula’s response to stirrings of resistance in early 39 CE?

To unleash terror and force the senate (who he branded hypocrites for turning against Tiberius and him) to resume treason trials.

Caligula, and his wife and daughter, were all killed in January 41 CE by many, including the Emperor’s own __________ __________.

Praetorian Guard

Caligula was succeeded as Emperor by:

his Uncle Claudius

Why was Claudius an embarrassment to his Imperial family?

As he limped and stuttered.

Claudius was a great Emperor as he:

completed Rome’s conquest of North Africa and allowed conquered individuals to become Roman citizens and members of states.

Claudius married his niece, __________, who had a 12-year-old son, __________.

Agrippina, Nero.

Agrippina is believed by some to have weaved an elaborate plot, in which she:

convinced the Emperor to adopt Nero and appoint him as his heir to the throne.

Claudius was believed to have been murdered by Agrippina using:

poison

Nero became the new Emperor of Rome in 54 CE following:

Claudius’ death.

Nero and Agrippina’s relationship had extremely deteriorated due to:

the son’s ‘reckless’ actions.

Nero originally tried to kill his mother by himself yet he failed, though Agrippina was later murdered by/at:

Soldiers sent by Nero in her villa.

The Great Fire occurred in 64 CE, and lasted for:

6 days and 7 nights

Nero was blamed for the Great Fire of Rome, why did some believe he caused the fire?

As he supposedly wished to make room for his new palace.

The hatred towards Nero was redirected by him towards a new scapegoat who was brutally tortured and murdered, the:

Christians

A conspiracy against Nero began to gain followers who saw him as:

a tyrannical and unstable Emperor

Nero unleashed a reign of terror after the conspiracy was exposed, in which countless people were:

brutally tortured and murdered.

Where did the uprising against Nero begin?

Northern Roman Territories

Who defected and turned against Nero?

The Emperor’s army and Roman senators

How did Nero die?

By climbing into his own grave and stabbing himself in the throat with an iron blade.

Tacitus was a Roman __________.

historian

During the reign of Domitian, Tacitus was a __________.

senator

Tacitus was known to have a bias for/against Agrippina, depicting her to be a:

against, manipulator of Emperor Claudius

Suetonius was a Roman __________.

biographer

Suetonius’ family was of the equities, or the:

knightly class

Suetonius is thought to had been free of the __________ class bias that is common in Roman historical writing.

senatorial

Suetonius presented Tiberius as:

a weaker man compared to his predecessor, Augustus

Suetonius had a reputation to love scandals due to his attention to:

private lives

Suetonius had a bias for/against Agrippina, claiming she had participated in:

against, incestuous activities, including having sex with her brother Caligula.

Tacitus blamed Agrippina partially/solely for Caligula’s murder

solely

Suetonius blamed Agrippina partially/solely for Caligula’s murder (reasoning)

partially, he was cautious to not make assumptions as there was discrepancy between recounts of the murder

Visual examination authentication methods:

naked eye, light microscopy, electron microscopy, radiography

What can be revealed through visual examination?

construction methods, evidence of wear, repair or alteration

Material analysis authentication method:

pigment analysis of painted artefacts (cannot contain pigment that had not yet been developed)

What can material analysis reveal?

The composition of original materials and later additions

Determination of age authentication methods:

radiocarbon dating (measuring radioactivity of carbon content of organic materials), dendrochronology (study of growth rings in wood)

Determination of age can reveal the age of the material:

independent of its stylistic features

Charles Dawson found fragments of a skull in a gravel pit in 1912, and later claimed they were from a:

early human-like fossil

This Piltdown Man discovery was accepted with great enthusiasm as it was believed to be the missing link in the:

evolutionary chain, connecting modern humankind with its ‘ape-like’ ancestors.

The Piltdown' Man’s credibility was questioned following the discovery of other human remains, which did not have:

the large cranium or ape-like jaw

The Plitdown Man skull fragments were determined to not be the same age by a:

fluorine, uranium and nitrogen test.

The Plitdown Man skull belonged to a human of recent age, yet the jawbone was from an:

orangutan

Many of the bones of the Piltdown Man were painted with pigment to:

give the appearance they were older.

The state of preservation of bog bodies is __________ __________.

very good

The first discovery of a body body occurred in the __________ __________ __________.

late 18th century

Bog bodies have been dated back to as early as the __________ __________.

Stone Age

Bog bodies do not decompose rapidly due to

bog peats having little to no oxygen in the water for chemical processes of decay to occur

Some bog bodies are merely __________ with no soft __________, others may have no __________.

skeletons, tissue, bone

Strontium isotope tracing technology makes it possible to:

detect strontium isotopes in human hair and skin, indicating where the bog people lived in their last years of life.

Three main ways bodies can be naturally preserved:

Extreme dryness, volcanic ash and preservation by freezing

The Iceman was given the name ‘Otzi’ due to his:

discovery in the ice of the Etzel Alps

Belongings of Otzi indicated he was from ancient times, specifically the __________ __________, and that he may of been a __________ or __________.

Copper Age, hunter or smelter

Carbon dating revealed that Otzi was

5300 years old

Otzi’s body was preserved due to:

a layer of snow likely covering his body, killing the microorganisms that usually decompose remains, and the dry wind evaporating much moisture out of Otzi’s body.

Otzi was expected to have a case of __________, due to __________ __________ found inside him.

Whipworm, whipworm eggs

Tattoo were made on Otzi’s body by opening the skin and placing __________ and __________ on this point of he body.

charcoal and water

Otzi was believed to have coronary heart disease due to an analysis revealing:

hardening of his arteries and fat deposits around his heart

Otzi likely bleed to death due to an:

arrowhead in his shoulder that struck a major artery.

Lindow Man was discovered in a peat bog at __________, in __________.

England, 1984

Lindow’s Man body was sliced in two by:

the peat-cutting machine that found him

Through visual examination, Lindow Man was revealed to be:

25 - 30 years old, peak physical condition and around 1.65 meters tall

Lindow Man was likely killed as a:

sacrifice to his people’s gods.

Lindow Man’s death is believe to perhaps been linked to the Celtric tribes:

Festival of Beltane

In the Festival of Beltane, the Celts sought help from the Sun God, __________, by offering a __________ __________.

Belenos, human sacrifice

Lindow Man’s stomach also contained __________ __________ , which was considered sacred by the Celts for its __________ __________.

mistletoe pollen, healing powers

Through forensic analysis, Lindow Man was determined to have died from either:

a blunt instrument that fractured the skull, a blow to the back which broke a rib, strangulation, a cut throat or a stab wound in the upper chest.

Issue regarding preservation and display of human remains:

what sort of display?

Issues regarding the reburial of human remains:

Where? With or without rites?

Issues regarding the research of human remains:

Does the knowledge gained from human remains outweigh the value of preserving them undisturbed?

Issues regarding religion and human remains:

What are the views of Christians, Druids and other religious groups?

Issues regarding education and human remains:

How important is it to educate the public, particularly children, about the past?

Issues regarding tourism and human remains:

What are the benefits of tourism in the display of human remains in regional and national museums?

To avoid issues regarding human remains, sometimes __________ and __________ are used instead.

replicas and reporductions

Mungo man was believed to have lived

42 000 years ago

Living on the shores of Lake Mungo, Mungo Man was described as a:

King with no throne.

The Mungo Lady was found __________ years __________ Mungo Man.

5 years before

The Mungo Lady was returned in the early __________.

1990s

Mungo Man was returned in only __________.

2017.

Main written source of mythological stories of Troy

Homer’s Iliad

Homer’s Iliad contains both Greek and Trojan characters, detailing the events of the

Trojan War

Earliest known literature in the Western World

The Iliad

The Bronze aged spanned approximately 2300 years from __________ to __________ B.C.E.

3500 - 1200

During the Bronze age, people learned how to __________ and smelt __________ and __________ to make Bronze __________ and __________.

mine, copper and tin, weapons and tools

During the Bronze Age, distinctive social hierarchies emerged that were characterised by the

centralisation of power

Most scholars believed the events described in homer’s Iliad may have occurred in the

Late Bronze Age

Extensive trade and cultural exchange occurred between Troy and other Bronze Ages civilisations of

Near West and Eastern Mediterranean

Excavations at Troy suggest that in the Late Bronze Age, at the height of the Mycenaean period, the city likely

flourished