Zoology Exam 4

tropic hormone

A polypeptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary that targets other endocrine glands and causes them to release additional hormones.

neurotransmitter

Chemical substance that the terminal end of an axon secretes that either stimulates or inhibits a muscle fiber contraction or an impulse in another neuron.

hypothalamus

A structure within the diencephalon and below the thalamus that functions as an autonomic center and regulates the pituitary gland.

dermis

The layer of the skin deep to the epidermis, consisting of a dense bed of vascular connective tissue.

lymph

Fluid that the lymphatic vessels transport.

myofibrils

Subcellular bundles of microfilaments (actin and myosin) in skeletal muscle.

myelin

Lipoprotein material that forms a sheathlike covering around some nerve fibers.

interneurons

Neurons between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. They function as integrating centers.

hibernation

Condition of protracted metabolic slowing in mammals that involves passing the winter in a torpid state. The body temperature drops, sometimes to near freezing. May last weeks or months. Mammals may or may not be easily aroused from this condition.

nephron

The functional unit of a veretebrate kidney, consisting of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

conduction

The conveyance of energy, such as heat, sound, or electricity. The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of the environment and those on the body surface of an animal.

sudoriferous glands

Evaporative cooling is caused by the _____

sebaceous glands

Lubrication of hair shafts is caused by the _______

hair

Insulation, defense, sensation, and non-shivering thermiogenesis is caused by the _____

epidermis

An external covering for the body

Non-shivering thermiogenesis, shivering thermiogenesis, thick pelage and down feathers

Ways that endotherms deal with cold temperatures

Burrowing during the day, evaporative cooling, store fat reserves in one place under the skin.

Ways that endotherms deal with hot temperatures

The Sino-Atrial node conducts the atrial impulse to the Atrio-Ventricular node to Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers located in the heart’s interventricular septum so ventricles can contract upward. 

Explain how the human heart succeeds at getting the atria to contract downward and the ventricles to contract upward.

Sympathetic nervous system initiates response with secretion of epinephrine (adrenaline) from the Adrenal glands. 

Explain how two organ systems in the human body function together to produce the "fight or flight" phenomenon.  

insulin

Lowers blood sugar levels

glucagon

Increases blood sugar levels

Type 1 Diabetes

Childhood onset; autoimmune response destroys beta cells of islets; insulin must be supplied from another source.

Type 2 Diabetes

Adult onset; liver cell receptors stop getting insulin’s “message”; diet modification

smooth muscle

Involuntary, non-striated muscles found around the gut, in blood vessels, and in the pupil of your eye

cardiac muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart.

skeletal muscle

Voluntary, striated muscle that makes up the weight of your body.

filtration

Part of blood plasma is filtered through the glomerular wall into Bowman’s capsule of the nephron.

reabsorption

Most of the filtered plasma is returned to the blood in nephron tubules.

secretion

The remaining fluid becomes final urine and collects in the kidney’s medulla.

excretion

The final urine moves to the urinary bladder via ureters and passes out the urethra (mammals).

pituitary 1

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is found in the __1__ gland.

antidiuretic hormone

Targets kidney tubules, concentrates urine

pituitary 2

Oxytocin is found in the __2__ gland

oxytocin

Targets the myometrium of the uterus during labor, initiates milk release from mammary glands

pituitary 3

Prolactin (PRL) is found in the __3__ gland

prolactin

Stimulates milk production

pituitary 4

Somatotrophin (STH) and Growth hormone (GH) are found in the __4__ gland

Somatotrophin, Growth hormone

Numerous targets (e.g., growth plates of bones).

Somatotrophin, Growth hormone

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by the under secretion of _____ and _____

Somatotrophin, Growth hormone

Pituitary gigantism is caused by the over secretion of _____ and _____

pituitary 5

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is found in the __5__ gland

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Targets cells in the cortex of the adrenal glands to make them release steroid hormones

pituitary 6

Thyrotropin (TSH) is found in the __6__ gland

thyrotropin

Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxin and calcitonin

pituitary 7

Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) is found in the __7__ gland

follicle stimulating hormone

Targets ovaries to cause maturation of eggs in follicles

pituitary 8

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Interstitial Cell Stimulating hormone (ICSH) are found in the __8__ gland

luteinizing hormone, interstitial cell stimulating hormone

Causes ovulation of egg at day 13 of ovarian cycle; cause testosterone production in men

thyroid 1

Thyroxine is found in the __1__ gland

thyroxine, calcitonin

Malaise, obesity, and Hashimodo’s disease are a result of the under secretion of ____ and ____

thyroxin, calcitonin

Insomina, bulging eyes, and Grave’s disease are the result of the over secretion of ____ and ____

thyroid 2

Calcitonin is found in the __2__ gland

calcitonin

Adds calcium to the bone

parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is found in the ____ gland

parathyroid hormone

Removes calcium from bone for use in muscle contraction, etc.

adrenal 1

Mineralocorticoids are found in the __1__ gland

mineralocorticoids

Regulate kidney function

adrenal 2

Glucocorticoids are found in the __2__ gland

glucocorticoids

Regulate sugar levels in part

pancreas 1

Insulin is found in the __1__

insulin

Lowers blood sugar levels

pancreas 2

Glucagon is found in the __2__

glucagon

Increases blood sugar levels