Theory #3

_________ has the following common causes: Addison's disease, decreased sodium intake, diabetic ketoacidiosis, diuretic therapy, perspiration, water intoxication, excessive vomiting or diarrhea

Hypoantremia (deficit) - sodium

________ has the following common causes: most commonly from dehydration, respiratory infection, corticosteroid therapy, impaired renal function, increased sodium intake

Hypernatremia (excess) - Sodium

______ plays a crucial role in the excitability of muscles and neurons, regulating fluid balance, sodium leaves the body through urine, sweat, feces

sodium

______ has the following common causes: occurs with excess potassium, or loss of body water; decreased dietary intake of potassium, vomiting, diarrhea, excess sweating, starvation

Hypokalemia (deficit) - Potassium

_____ has the following common causes: occurs with burns, crush injuries, renal failure, Addison's disease, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis

Hyperkalemia (excess)- potassium

____ has the following common causes: occurs with nutritional deficiency of calcium or vitamin D or in bone disorders such as metastatic cancer of the bone.

Hypocalcemia (deficit) - calcium

____ has the following common causes: most cases related to hyperparathyroidism, malignacy such as multiple myeloma; acute osteoporosis, vitamin D intoxication

Hypercalcemia (excess) - calcium

______: major abrupt, drastic changes; new virus produced in humans

Antigenic shift

______: minor small, gradual changes or mutations in genes of a virus

Antigenic Drift

_______ is the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Ventilation

_____ is the exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

Diffusion

______ is the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Perfusion

______ : low levels of oxygen (O2) in the blood

Hypoxemia

______: decreased tissue oxygenation

Hypoxia

______: is abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (co2) level in the blood

Hypercapnia

_____: chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

Surfactant

_______: collapse of the alveoli that prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioixde

Atelectasis

_______: deep and slow, laboured breathing often associated with severe metabolic acidosis

Kussmaul's respiration

______: abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing (apnea)

Cheyenne stokes respirations

__________: encourage voluntary deep breathing

Incentive spirometer

_________: Maintains positive airway pressure and improves alveolar ventilation

Non-invasion positive pressure ventilation

What is the first line of defence

Skin, biochemical barriers

what is the second line of defence?

inflammatory response, local manifestations, vascular responses

Limit and control the inflammatory process, prevent and limit infection and further damage. What is this?

Infalmmation

Complement system, coagulation system, kinin system are what?

Plasma protein systems

Can destroy pathogens directly, activates or collaborates with every other component of the inflammatory response, compliments system pathways (classical, lectin, alternative). This is ?

Compliment system

Forms a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site: prevents the spread of infection, keeps micro-organisms and foreign bodies at the site of greater inflammatory cell activity, Main substance is an insoluble protein called fibrin. this is?

Coagulation (clotting) system

Less understood, with limited research, primary kinin (blood protein) is bradykinin, functions to activate and assist inflammatory cells. This is?

Kinin system (hormonal)

Interleukins, interferon, tumor necrosis factor-alpha are all apart of what?

Cytokines

_________: vasoactive amine that causes dilation of the blood vessels, retraction of endotheial cells lining the blood vessels

Histamine

________ are found in the smooth muscle cells, and the endothelium cells that line the blood vessels, heart, lung, and CNS. These cause vasodilation

H1 receptors

_______ are found in the parietal cells of the stomach mucosa

H2 receptors

_________ have similar effects to histamine in later stages

Leukotrienes

______ have similar effects to leukotrienes; & induce pain

Prostaglandins

______ have similar effects to leukotrienes and platelet activation

Platelet activating factors

______: circulates in the blood and migrates to the tissues, ingests bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris but also healthy cells

Neutrophils

_______ & ________: are produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation and migrate to the inflammatory site, and they typically arrive at the inflammatory site 24 hours or later after

Monocytes & macrophages

______: Regulate vasular mediatory, circulates in the blood and migrates to the tissue, only mildly phagocytic but can release toxins that kill parasites and bacteria

Eosinophils

_______: secretes anti-clotting factors (heparin) to prevent clotting too quickly

Basophils

_______: found in peripheral organs and close tot he surface of the skin, helps with both second and third line of defence

Dendritic cells

_________: active during wound healing

T lymphocytes

1. Identification
2. adherence
3. engulfment
4. phagosome formation
5. fusion with lysosomal graulates
6. Destruction of the target
this is _________

Phagocytosis

Water exudate: indicates early inflammation

Serous exudate

thick, clotted exudate indicates more advance inflammation

Fibrinous exudate

Pus: indicated bacterial infection

Purulent exudate

Exudate contains blood indicates bleeding

sanguineous (hemorrhagic) exudate

_________: wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss

Primary intention

_______: wounds that require a great deal more tissue replacement (open wound)

Secondary intention

Colonization, invasion, multiplication, spread are all part of what?

Components of infection

_________: diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a particular population

Endemic

_______: number of new infections in a particular population greatly exceeds the number usually observed

Epidemic

________: an epidemic that spreads over a large area

Pandemic

Incubation, prodromal, invasion and convalescence are the ___________

stages of infection

Bacteria requires _____ to grow and reproduce

Iron

Viral replication do not require ______ to grow & produce

Iron

________ that invades the skin, hair, or nails are known as dermatophytes

Fungi

Viral vaccines:
_______: Weakened live virus (MMR, varicella, polio/oral)

Attenuated

Viral vaccines:
_______: killed virus (hepatitis A, Polio/injected, influenza)

Inactivated

_______: not vary immunogenic in children

Dead bacteria vaccines

_______: increased immunogenicity, haemophilia influenza type B

Conjugated bacterial vaccines

_______: vaccines against bacterial toxins

Toxoids bacterial vaccines