Pre-AP Chem Unit 1 Review

Beaker

Test Tube

Ring Stand

Crucible

Test Tube Rack

Graduated Cylinder

Pipette

Volumetric Pipette

Erlenmeyer Flask

Volumetric Flask

Electronic Balance

Funnel

Safety Goggles

Tweezers

Watch Glass

Evaporating Dish

Weigh Boat

Bunsen Burner

Burette

Florence Flask

Mortar and Pestle

Filter Paper

Tongs

Wire Gauze

Density Formula

D=m/V

Density Units

g/cm³ or g/mL

Accuracy

The degree to which a measured value agrees with the true value. It reflects how close a measurement is to the actual value.

Precision

Measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another, irrespective of the actual value

Error

the difference between the experimental value (measured) and the accepted value (correct measurement).

Error Formula

Error = Experimental Value - Accepted Value

Percent Error Formula

Percent Error = |error| / Accepted Value * 100

Sig Fig Rules

1. Non-Zero Digits

   • All non-zero digits (11 through 99) are always significant.

   • Example: 123.45123.45 has 55 significant figures.

2. Zeros Between Non-Zero Digits

   • Zeros located between two non-zero digits are always significant.

   • Example: 50055005 has 44 significant figures.

3. Leading Zeros

   • Zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit are never significant; they serve only as placeholders.

   • Example: 0.00250.0025 has 22 significant figures.

4. Trailing Zeros with a Decimal Point

   • Zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal point are always significant.

   • Example: 43.0043.00 has 44 significant figures.

5. Trailing Zeros without a Decimal Point

   • Zeros at the end of a whole number without an explicit decimal point are not significant.

   • Example: 300300 has 11 significant figure (3×1023×102).

6. Exact Numbers

   • Counted values or defined conversion factors have an infinite number of significant figures.

   • Example: 12 inches=1 foot12inches=1foot or counting 55 test tubes.

Mega

10^6

kilo

10³

deci

10^-1

centi

10^-2

milli

10^-3

micro

10^-6

nano

10^-9

pico

10^-12

Energy Units

Joule (J)

Volume

L, mL, cm³, µL

Mass

kg, g, mg, µg

Temperature Units

K, °C

Celsius Freeze/Boil Point

0°C, 100°C

Kelvin Freeze/Boil Point

273.15 K, 373.15 K

Celsius to Kelvin Formula

K = °C + 273.15

Kelvin to Celsius Formula

°C = K-273.15

Solid to Liquid

Melting

Liquid to Gas

Vaporization / Evaporation

Solid to Gas (wo/Liquid stage)

Sublimation

Liquid to Solid

Freezing / Solidification

Gas to Liquid

Condensation

Gas to Solid (wo/Liquid stage)

Deposition

Triple Point

Where all 3 states of matter can be present at once

Critical Point

So much kinetic energy that the element can’t turn back into a liquid