NLM - Concepts of Leadership and Management

What does the National Nursing Core Competency Standards (NNCCS) highlight?

The Beginning Nurse’s Roles

• Client care provider

• Manager and leader

• Researcher

What are the Responsibilities of a Nurse Leader/Manager

• Manage a community/village-based health facility/competent of a health program or a nursing service

• Provide safe and quality care

• Accountability for safe nursing practice

• Deliver health programs and services

• Lead and supervise nursing support staff

• Networking, linkage building, and referrals

What is leadership?

Use of one’s skills to influence others to perform to the best of their ability toward goal achievement

What is influence?

The ability to change or affect the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of others

Is influencing someone intentional (formal) or unintentional?

Can be both

What are the different types of Influence?

1. Assertiveness

2. Rationality

3. Ingratiation

4. Exchange

5. Sanction

6. Blocking

7. Coalitions

8. Upward appeal

What is assertive influence?

Standing up for oneself and one’s rights without violating the rights of others

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “Ensuring safe nursing practice by validating and clarifying doctor’s order“

Assertive Influence

What is rational influence?

Trying to convince someone by relying on a detailed plan, supporting information, reasoning or logic

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “Classify patients according to acuity of care to determine the need of additional staff“

Rational Influence

What is Ingratiation influence?

Making an individual feel important or good before making a request

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “Praising your groupmate that they are good at editing so they are always assigned to be an editor.“

Ingratiation influence

What is exchange influence?

Offering an exchange of favors to each others benefit

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “Switching shifts with another person to attend family affairs“

Exchange influence

What is sanction influence?

Use of coercive authority in giving punishment for non-compliance or reward for compliance

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “receive incentives for not being absent the whole year”

Positive sanction influence

What is positive sanction influence?

Reward for compliance

What is negative sanction influence?

Punishment for non-compliance

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “you’re aware of the consequences so hindi ka mag-aabsent”

Negative sanction influence

What is blocking influence?

Backing up a request with a threat to damage an individual’s opportunity for advancement

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “You are applying for the same position of the nurse manager’s sibling in the other unit. ”

Blocking influence

What is coalitions influence?

Getting co-workers to back up a request

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “If nurses perceive that in the past years that they have not been paid right, they ask other nurses to do a signature campaign to force the admin to higher their pay”

Coalition influence

What is upward appeal influence?

Obtaining formal or informal support of a higher-up

What type of influence is being shown in the example: “Padrino system - look for someone na influential who can influence the decision maker to back up your favor”

Upward appeal influence

What are the 5 levels of leadership

1. Position

2. Permission

3. Production

4. People Development

5. Personhood

What is level 1 of leadership?

Position

What does the position level of leadership mean?

People to follow because they have to

What does the permission level of leadership mean?

People follow because they want to

What does the production level of leadership mean?

People follow because of what you have done for the organization

What does the people development level of leadership mean?

People follow because of what you have done for them

What does the personhood level of leadership mean?

People follow because of what you are and what you represent.

What is level 2 of leadership?

Permission

What is level 3 of leadership?

Production

What is level 4 of leadership?

People Development

What is level 5 of leadership?

Personhood

What is the inherent value of level 1 leadership?

Rights → people are obligated to follow because of your position (shallow-task oriented working relationship)

What is the inherent value of level 2 leadership?

Relationships → people willingly submit themselves due to an established working relationship

What is the inherent value of level 3 leadership?

Results → people connect you to your results and the effort you’ve put in → attracts opportunities

What is the inherent value of level 4 leadership?

Reproduction → you start creating leaders like you for the future of the organization

What is the inherent value of level 5 leadership?

Respect → People believe in you because in what you say; you are trustworthy and reliable from the get-go

What are the two types of leaders?

1. Formal

2. Informal

What is a formal leader?

Appointed leaders; chosen by the administration and given official or legitimate authority to act (part of an organization)

What is an informal leader?

Do not have official sanction to direct the activities of others (may or may not be part of an organization)

What are the 4 leadership styles?

1. Autocratic (authoritarian)

2. Democratic

3. Laissez-Faire

4. Bureaucratic

What is the autocratic (authoritarian) leadership style?

• Makes decisions alone

• A con as it exercises power with coercion

• A pro as it is proven to be useful and even necessary in crisis situations

What is the Democratic leadership style?

• Involves followers in decision-making

• Leads to increased productivity and job satisfaction

What is the Laissez-Faire leadership style?

• Loose and permissive

• Ultraliberal

• Fosters freedom for everyone and wants everyone to feel good

• Results in low productivity and employee frustration

• Most beneficial to a staff of highly motivated professionals

What is the Bureaucratic (authoritarian) leadership style?

• Lacks a sense of security and depends on established policies and rules

• Tends to relate impersonally to staff

• Avoids decision-making without standards or norms for guidance

• Has intention of maintaining order and discipline

What is the orientation of autocratic leadership style?

Task-oriented

What is the orientation of Democratic leadership style?

People-oriented

What is the orientation of Laissez-Faire leadership style?

Relationship-focused rather than task-focused

What are the two approaches to democratic leadership style?

1. Participative

2. Consultative

What is participative democracy?

Everyone will be asked for their input before arriving at a consensus

What is consultative democracy?

The leader doesn’t ask every member, but only selectively listens to a few individuals who represent the interests of the bigger group/majority

What are the different types of leadership behaviors?

1. Passive

2. Aggressive

3. Assertive

What is a passive leadership behavior?

• Submissively accepts whenever circumstances are in force without resistance or complaint

• Feels self-pity and is lacking in self worth

• Acts apologetically

• Easily dominated by others

• Speaks hesitantly without looking at others when talking

• Being idle is not ideal for a leader

What is a aggressive leadership behavior?

• Acts in a bold, attacking, and hostile manner 

• Talks loudly on every subject and often makes depreciating remarks about the opinion of others

• Seems incentive about the rights of others

• Points a finger and says “you” frequently

• Always wants to have a winner; treats everything as a fight

• Not a very good behavior

What is a assertive leadership behavior?

• Expresses opinions and beliefs without infringing on or belittling the beliefs of others

• Stands up for his own rights

• Willing to accept the rights of others to express agreements of disagreement

What is management?

Process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through people

What is the management process according to Henri Fayol?

• To organize and regulate the internal activities of an organization in order to accomplish managerial efficiency

• To manage an organization by predicting, planning, decision-making, organization and process management, control, and organization

What is effectiveness?

• “Doing the right things”

• Accomplishing the objectives within resource parameters

• Given a circumstance, the right interventions are carried out

• Right intervention that achieves the outcome you wanted

What is efficiency?

• “Doing the things right”

• Carrying out the right intervention in the right manner – no wastage of resources

• “Wise movement with little resource”

What are the Basic Resources in Management

1. Manpower

2. Money

3. Machine

4. Materials

5. Methods

6. Market

7. Moments / Minutes

What is the most important resource?

Manpower

What is manpower?

Human resources

What is money?

Financial resources → Allocation that will go to the salaries of the staffs, benefits, training needs, major projects, supplies, and equipment

What is machine?

The equipment used to lighten or augment the work of a nurse

What is materials?

Articles or supplies you are to use in order to carry out a certain nursing procedure

What are methods?

The nursing care models to be used in the delivery of patient care

What are the two types of methods?

1. Classic

2. Contemporary

What is the classic delivery method?

total patient care, functional patient care, team nursing care, primary pc, and case management

What is the market?

• Stakeholders of an organization

• Beneficiaries of organization

what are the two types of stakeholders in a market?

1. Internal

2. External

What are internal stakeholders?

Belongs in the same organization and benefits from it

What are external stakeholders?

From outside who benefit from the activities of the organization

What are moments/minutes?

Time allotted for us to be able to complete the task expected of you

What is an organization?

Signifies an institution or a functional group with a formal intentional structure of roles or positions working towards a common goal;

• Comprised of roles and functions

What is an institution according to organization?

How do they relate to each other to achieve a common goal

What is an organizational process?

Manner of how you do things

What is the difference of administration and management?

1. Administration: Top-level → creates goals to achieve

2. Management: Low-Mid levels → directs and guides operations

What is in the upper level of an organization?

• Chief nurse

• Chief nursing officer

• Director of nursing

• Chairman of nursing

• Executive vice president for nursing

What is in the middle level of an organization?

• Assistant Executive Officers

• Division Heads

• Clinical Specialists, Supervisors, Coordinators

• Clinical Nurse Managers

• Case Managers

What is in the lower level of an organization?

• OR Managers

• Head Nurses

• Charge Nurses

• Primary Nurses

• Team Leaders

• Unit Nurse Managers

What is authority?

Officially sanctioned responsibilities; and the legitimate right to give command

What is power?

The ability to obtain, retain, and motivate people and to organize informational and material resources to accomplish a task

What are the bases of power?

1. Legitimate Power

2. Reward Power

3. Coercive Power

4. Expert Power

5. Referent Power

6. Self Power

7. Information Power

What is legitimate pwoer?

Given to the manager by the organization because of his position in the hierarchy → compliance

What is reward power?

Based on the ability to control and administer rewards to others for compliance with the leader’s orders or requests

What is coercive power?

Founded on fear and depends on the ability to use punishment of others for non-compliance with manager’s orders → non-compliance & resistance

What is expert power?

Derived from a special ability, skill, or knowledge demonstrated by an individual → commitment

What is referent power?

Based on the attractiveness or appeal of one person to another and connection or relationship with a powerful individual → commitment

What is self power?

Derived from one’s maturity, credibility, reputation, experience, and gender

What is information power?

Based on the information the manager possesses

What is the difference between Leaders and Manager: Appointment

• Leader: May or may not have official appointment to the position

• Managers: Are appointed officially to the position

What is the difference between Leaders and Manager: Power and Authority

• Leader: Only so long as followers are willing to be led

• Managers: Have power and authority to enforce decisions

What is the difference between Leaders and Manager: Goal Setting

• Leader: Influences others toward goal setting, either formally or informally by modeling the way

• Managers: Carries out predetermined policies, rules, and regulations

What is the difference between Leaders and Manager: Risk Taking

• Leader: Interested in risk-taking and exploring new ideas

• Managers: Maintains an orderly, controlled, rational, and equitable structure

What is the difference between Leaders and Manager: Relationship w/ People

• Leader: Relates to people personally in an intuitive and empathetic manner

• Managers: Related to people according to their roles

What is the difference between Leaders and Manager: Self Reward

• Leader: From personal achievements

• Managers: When fulfilling organizational mission or goals by fostering collaboration