Unit 2.6 The Kidney

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What is osmoregulation

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1

What is osmoregulation

The maintenance of constant water levels in the body fluids of an organism.

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2

Why is osmoregulation important [2]

  • Prevent cell bursting or shrinks when water enters or leaves by osmosis

  • Cellular reaction occurs in aqueous solution therefore water levels affects concentration and the rate of reaction in cells

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3

Describe the function of the kidney

  • Remove toxic waste substances from the body

  • Maintenance the water levels of body fluids

  • Control the volume and concentration of urine

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4
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5

What is the function of renal artery

Supplies blood to the kidney and filter the blood

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6

What is the function of the renal vein

Drains blood from the kidney and bring oxygen for cells

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7

What is the function of the ureter

Takes urine to the bladder from kidney

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8

What is the function of the urethra

Release urine from the bladder, out of the body

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9

What is a nephron

Functional unit of the kidney where filtration and selective re absorption takes place

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10
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11

What are the 3 stage involved in the formation of urine

  1. Filtration

  2. Selective reabsorption

  3. Osmoregulation

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12

Describe filtration in the kidney

  • Blood flows through the capillary knot under high pressure, small molecules (urea and glucose) water and salt are filtered out of the blood into the Bowman’s capsule

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13

Why is there a build up of pressure in the capillary knot?

Arteriole leading into the capillary knot is wider than arteriole taking blood from the capillary knot

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14

Why do large molecules such as proteins and rbc remain in the blood

They are too large to fit through the pores in capillary walls

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15

Which substances are selective reabsorbed from the nephron tube

  • Glucose

  • Some water

  • Some ions

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16

What happens to the molecules not selectively reabsorbed in nephron tube

They travel down the kidney tubules as urine and are transported to the bladder via the ureter, here they are stored and eventually excreted

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17

If blood water level become too high, the kidney produces more __ urine

Dilute

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18

If blood water level become too low, the kidney produces more __ urine

Concentrated

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19

How is the concentration and volume of urine controlled

Controlled by secretion of ADH

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20

What produce ADH?

Pituitary gland

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21

Describe how ADH affects the kidney

ADH cause the kidney to reabsorbed more water into the blood, so more concentrated urine is produced

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22

What does the composition of blood contain

  • Cells

  • Proteins

  • Water

  • Glucose

  • Salts

  • Urea

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23

what does the composition of filtrate contain

  • water

  • Glucose

  • Salts

  • Urea

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24

What does the composition of urine contain

  • water

  • Salts

  • Urea

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25

What may blood or cells in the urine indicated

Kidney diseases

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26

How can kidney failure be treated [2]

  • Kidney dialysis

  • Kidney transplant

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27

What is kidney dialysis

A machine artificially filters a patient’s blood

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28

What is the dialysis fluid called

Dialysate

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29

How does kidney dialysis work

  • The selective permeable barrier separates the patient’s blood from dialysate

  • Materials exchanged across the barrier such as urea and water moves out of the blood into the dialysis fluid

  • Large cells and proteins remain in the blood

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30

Describe the composition of dialysate

  • Fewer salts and water than patient’s own blood so excess salts and water diffuse out of the blood into the dialysate

  • No urea

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31

Advantage of kidney dialysis

  • No surgery needed

  • Can undergoes kidney dialysis while waiting for a donor kidney

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32

What does a kidney transplant involves

Taking a kidney form a living donor or someone recently pass out and implanting it into the patient

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33

What does a kidney transplant involves

Taking a kidney form a living donor or someone recently pass out and implanting it into the patient

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34

What is meant by kidney rejection?

The immune system detects the foreign tissue and attacks it

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35

What is meant by kidney rejection?

The immune system detects the foreign tissue and attacks it

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36

What precaution are taken to minimise the risk of rejection

  • Tissue typing ensures that the transplanted organ is compatible with the recipient

  • Immunosuppressant drugs helps prevent the immune system from rejecting the organ

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37

Advantage of kidney transplant

  • More of a permanent solution than

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38

Advantage of kidney transplant

  • More of a permanent solution than kidney dialysis

  • Improve patient’s quality of life

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39

Disadvantage of kidney transplant

  • Difficult to find a donor

  • Requires surgery

  • Have a limited life span

  • Risk of organ rejection

  • Immunosuppressants increase the risk of their infections

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40

Describe the stimulus that will secreted ADH

The low content of water in blood

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41

What waste product do excess broken down of amino acid produce, how is it removed and why is it harmful for human

Excess broken down of amino acid can produce large volume of ammonia. This is harmful for human body as ammonia is toxic, so it is converted to urea in the liver and then eventually excreted out

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42

Where are nephrons positioned at

Across the cortex and the medulla

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