immune system

what does SCID stand for?

severe combined immunodeficiency

what is SCID?

a genetic disease of the immune system

what is the first line of defense?

skin, mucus membranes, antimicrobial substances

what is the second line of defense?

inflammation, fever, phagocytes

what is the third line of defense?

humoral and cellular immunity (B and T cells)

what is immunity?

ability to ward off disease

what is susceptibility?

lack of resistance to a disease

what is skin?

a mechanical barrier that has acid (which inhibits bacterial growth) and sebum (which has antibacterial/antifungal properties)

what part of tears and saliva attack bacteria?

lysozomes

what do mucus membranes do?

trap microorganisms and debris

what does the stomach do?

HCL within it destroys most microorganisms

what were isla-mae’s symptoms?

red spots

what did isla’s blood sample show

that she has leukemia

what was isla-mae diagnosed with?

leukemia

which type of cancer is leukemia

blood

lymphoblastic

leukemia’s effect on cells

what is acute cancer

cancer that progresses quickly

what are some ways leukemia disrupts body systems

weight loss, fever, frequent infections, fatigue, loss of appetite, easy shortness of breath, swelling, muscle weakness, pain and tenderness

compare the size of WBCs to RBCs

WBCs are larger and have a longer nucleus than RBCs

why is the % of each type of WBC important to doctors

because irregular percentages can indicate a disease

what are the 2 groups of WBCs

agranulocytes and granulocytes

what is the diff between agranulocyte and granulocyte

granulocytes have granular cytoplasm while agranulocytes lack it

what are 2 examples of agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

3 examples of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

neutrophils have _____ phagocytes

active

neutrophils are _____% of WBCs

60

neutrophils are present in the _____

pus

eosinophils mostly attack _____

parasites

eosinophils are _____% of WBCs

2

basophils produce _____ (blood _____)

heparin

thinner

basophils produce _____ (important in _____ reaction)

histamines

inflammatory

what do histamines cause

swelling and itching

what suppresses the swelling and itching that histamines cause

antihistamines

basophils are _____% of WBCs

1

monocytes are _____ (size) cells

large

monocytes have a _____-shaped nucleus

horseshoe

monocytes can become _____ or _____

macrophages

dendritic cells

dendritic cells consume _____ and present _____ on their surface to signal immune system

pathogens

antigens

the nucleus of lympocytes are _____ and take up almost the whole _____

dark

cell

lymphocytes are the _____ defense (B and T cells)

main

what do B cells produce

antibodies

where do lymphocytes live

in lymph nodes

lymphocytes are _____% of WBCs

30

what is Epstein Barr Virus commonly known as

mononucleosis / mono

how do you contract mono

through shared saliva or close contact w an infected person, dormant virus alr in body turns active

diff between aids and hiv

hiv weakens immune system by infecting specific immune cells

aids is acquired immune deficiency syndrome

hiv does not always = _____, but can develop into the syndrome

aids

when do u get opportunistic infections in aids

when # of CD4 cells falls below 200 cc’s

what are the 3 phases of leukemia treatment?

1. remission induction

2. consolidation

3. maintenance

remission inductions kills as many _____ cells as possible thru _____

cancer

chemo

consolidation eliminates any remaining _____ cells that are not _____

cancer

detectable

maintenance keeps cancer from _____ through low doses of _____

returning

drugs

what r 5 therapies used in cancer treatment

1. chemotherapy

2. radiation therapy

3. stem cell transplant

4. bone marrow transplant

5. immunotherapy

chemo targets _____ cells but can also attack _____ cells

cancer

healthy

what is the 5-year survival rate for leukemia

84%

what makes up the lymphatic system

lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs, and lymphocytes

lymph is a _____ fluid that bathes _____ and drains through _____ _____ into _____

colorless

tissues

lymphatic vessels

heart

lymphatic system is closely associated w

cardiovascular system

what is elephantiasis

enlargement of lymphatic vessels due to obstruction caused by parasite

where does the parasite that causes the obstruction in elephantiasis usually come from

mosquito bite

what is a physical symptom of elephantiasis

enlarged legs

3 functions of lymphatic sys

1. maintains normal blood volume

2. fights infection

3. eliminates variations in composition of interstitial fluid

relationship between lymphatic system and cancer

lymphatic sys helps spread cancer cells

innate immunity defends against _____ pathogen (_____), is present at _____, and produced by _____, physical _____, fever, _____

any

non-specific

birth

macrophages

barrier

inflammation

adaptive immunity defends against _____ pathogen, _____ to respond than innate, has _____, produced by _____

specific

slower

memory

lymphocytes

3 roles of fever in immunity

1. speeds up body rxns to resolve infections

2. inhibits growth of certain microbes

3. stimulates the liver to hoard substances that bacteria require to grow

antigen

any foreign substance that enters the body (bacteria, virus, toxin, pollen grain, etc.)

antibody

protein produced by body to attack antigen and protect body (specific antibody for each antigen)i

2 types of adaptive immunity

humoral and cellular

humoral immunity: _____ cells _____ to specific antigens, develop in red _____ _____, responsible for producing specific _____, attack _____ and their toxins

B

respond

bone marrow

antibodies

bacteria

cellular: _____ cells _____ to specific antigens, produced in _____ _____ and then migrate to _____ to mature, responsible for attacking _____ cells (especially viruses and _____)

T

bond

bone marrow

thymus

foreign

fungi

2 main types of T cells

CD4

CD8

CD4 is a

helper

CD8 is

cytotoxic

label

A) antigen binding site

B) variable region

C) antigen binding site

D) constant region

E) light chain

F) heavy chain