Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 1

Homeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

What are the points of attachment?

The shoulder and the hip

What systems monitor homeostatic controls?

Nervous and Endocrine System

Receptor

Some type of shadow that monitors and respond to changes in environments

Stimuli

The changes picked up by a receptor

Where does information from the receptor flow?

To the control center

Control Center

Determines the set point/level at eighth a variable is maintained, analyzed information it recurves and then determines the appropriate response or course of action

Effector

Provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus

Where does information flow from the control center?

To the effector.

Negative Feedback Mechanisms/Loops

The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus, or reduce its intensity

Most biological feedback loops are?

Negative

What are the 4 anatomical directions?

Distal, Proximal, Medial, and Lateral

Positive Feeback Loops

Increasing the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push further from its original value

What are some examples of negative feedback loops?

Glucose Regulation, Temperature

What are examples of positive feedback loops?

Child Birth, Blood Clotting

What is the hormone excreted during pregnancy (Positive Feedback Loop)

Oxytocin

What is the hormone excreted during Glucose regulation (negative feedback loops)?

Insulin

Wheee is insulin secreted from?

The pancreas

Homeostatic Imbalance

Bodily organs becoming less efficient and our internal conditions becoming less and less stable

Superior

Towards the grand end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end and towards the feet

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards the backside of the body

Medial

Towards or at the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body or on the outer side of the body

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

Close to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Body trunk

The torso and waist

Distal

Farther from the origin of a boding part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (External)

Towards to at the body surface

Deep (Internal)

Away from the body surface

Sagittal Plane

A sections cut along the lengthwise of the plane of the body, digging into left and right sides

Median/Mid-Sagittal

Cut into equal left and right parts down the median to even parts

Frontal Plane

Cute lengthwise into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse

Cut along a horizontal into superior and inferior

Does the Sagittal plane have to be right down the center of the body?

No, the Sagittal plane does not. The mid-Sagittal does!

Thoracic Cavity

Chest, heart, blood vessels, lungs

Abdominal Cavity

stomach, liver, abdomen

Nasal Cavity

Nose

Dorsal cavity

Spine back and Brain

Pelvic Cavity

Pelvis, Uterus

Orbital Cavity

Eyes

Buccal/Oral Cavity

Mouth

If a surgeon is making a cut along muscle, upon which plane does he want to cut?

Sagittal Plane