PLTW: HBS 4.1

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

An articulation (as the hip joint) in which the rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity of the other and admits movement in any direction.

Cartilage

A usually translucent somewhat elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos and except for a small number of structures (as some joints, respiratory passages, and the external ear) is replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

Circumduction

A movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable.

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface).

Extension

An unbending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint.

Flexion

A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint.

Hinge Joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane.

Hyaline Cartilage

Translucent bluish white cartilage consisting of cells embedded in an apparently homogeneous matrix, present in joints and respiratory passages, and forming most of the fetal skeleton.

Joint

The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton whether movable or rigidly fixed together with the surrounding and supporting parts (as membranes, tendons, or ligaments).

Ligament

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Plantar Flexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole).

Range of Motion

The range through which a joint can be moved.

Rotation

Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement.

Synovial Cavity

The space between the articulating bones of a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid. Also called a joint cavity.

Synovial Fluid

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage.

Synovial Joint

A fully moveable joint in which the synovial (joint) cavity is present between the two articulating bones.

Tendon

A white fibrous chord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.