Development and Learning (AP) (copy)

Development involves physical, cognitive, and social-emotional changes __.

throughout life

The nature-nurture debate examines the roles of __ and environmental factors in development.

heredity.

The concept of __ suggests that development is a gradual, cumulative process.

continuity

Discontinuity views development as occurring in distinct __ marked by qualitative differences.

stages

Critical periods are specific phases in development when certain experiences are particularly __.

influential on future growth.

Plasticity refers to the brain’s capacity to change and adapt in response to __.

experiences.

The __ stage of prenatal development involves rapid cell division and implantation of the fertilized egg.

germinal

The embryonic stage of prenatal development is characterized by the development of __.

major organs and systems.

Infancy and toddlerhood are marked by rapid physical growth and the formation of __ relationships.

attachment

The __ stage (ages 2-6) is characterized by the development of language and social skills.

early childhood

Middle childhood involves the development of __ thinking and increased independence.

logical

Adolescence is a period of significant physical and social-emotional __.

changes.

Early adulthood is characterized by the establishment of intimate relationships and __.

career development.

During middle adulthood, personal growth continues, and challenges like the midlife crisis may __.

arise.

Late adulthood is marked by __ and adaptation to changes associated with aging.

reflection on life experiences.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, __, and formal operational.

concrete operational

The sensorimotor stage involves the development of __ permanence.

object.

The preoperational stage is characterized by symbolic thinking and __.

egocentrism.

The formal operational stage is marked by the ability to think abstractly and consider __ perspectives.

multiple.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of __ interaction in cognitive development.

social.

The zone of proximal development refers to the range of tasks a child can complete with __.

guidance.

Scaffolding involves providing support to help a child master __ skills.

new.

Information processing theory compares the mind to a __.

computer.

Metacognition refers to awareness of one's own __ processes.

thought.

Attachment theory, developed by Bowlby and Ainsworth, emphasizes the importance of __ relationships for development.

caregiver-infant.

Secure attachment is characterized by __ in the presence of a caregiver.

trust.

Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes __ stages of development.

eight.

Self-concept refers to an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and __ about themselves.

perceptions.

Emotional regulation involves the ability to manage and express __ appropriately.

emotions.

Moral development progresses from obedience and punishment to an understanding of __ principles.

universal ethical.

The preconventional level of moral development focuses on avoiding __.

punishment.

Observational learning is learning through __ and imitating others.

watching.

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment showed that children can learn __ behaviors through observation.

aggressive.

Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a neutral __ with a reflexive response.

stimulus.

Acquisition occurs when the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the __ stimulus.

unconditioned.

Extinction refers to the gradual weakening of the __ response when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone.

conditioned.

Operant conditioning involves learning through __ and punishment.

consequences.

Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a __ consequence.

desirable.

Negative punishment weakens a behavior by removing a __ stimulus.

desirable.

Continuous reinforcement provides __ every time the desired behavior occurs.

reinforcement.

Cross-sectional designs compare individuals of different __ at a single point in time.

ages.

Longitudinal designs track the same individuals __ over an extended period.

repeatedly.

Observational learning highlights the impact of media on __.

behavior.

Oxytocin is involved in social bonding, trust, and __.

empathy.

The __ of proximal development is the gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with assistance.

zone.

Innate language mechanisms are proposed by Chomsky's __ Acquisition Device.

Language.

The critical period hypothesis suggests there is a limited __ for optimal language acquisition.

window.

Developmental psychologists study the interplay between stable traits and changing __.

characteristics.

Attachment theory informs parenting practices and interventions for children with social-emotional __.

difficulties.