Agriscience Certification Exam

Amyloplast

An organelle in some plant cells that stores starch. Amyloplasts are found in starchy plants like tubers and fruits.

ATP

ATP is short for adenosine triphosphate; it is a high-energy molecule used for energy storage by organisms. In plant cells, ATP is produced in the cristae of the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Cell Membrane

The thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, but is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.

Cell Wall

A thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure. The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant.

Centrosome

A small body located near the nucleus-it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosomes divides and two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. Unlike the centrosomes in animal cells, plant cell centrosomes do not have centrioles.

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a molecule that can use light energy from sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis). Chlorophyll is magnesium based and is usually green.

Chloroplast

An elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. Where photosynthesis takes place.

Christae

The multiply-folded inner membrane of a cell’s mitochondrion that are finger-like projections. The walls of the cristae are the site of the cell’s energy production.

Golgi Body

A flattened, layered, sac like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. The golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for “export” from the cell.

Cytoplasm

The jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which organelles are located.

Granum

A stack of thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where photosynthesis takes place.

Mitochondrion

The powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria are organelles that generate ATP through respiration and regulate metabolic activity.

Nuclear Membrane

The double lipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, controlling the passage of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Nucleolus

An organelle within the nucleus-it is where ribosomal RNA produced.

Nucleus

Spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell and contains DNA. Surrounded by nuclear membrane.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

Ribosome

A cellular structure composed of RNA and proteins, ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A type of organelle that has ribosomes attached to its surface, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, lacking ribosomes on its surface.

Stroma

Part of the chloroplasts in plant cells, located within the inner membrane of chloroplasts, between grana

Thylakoid disk

are disk shaped membrane structures in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are made up of stacks of thylakoid disks: a stack of thylakoid disks is called a granum (photosynthesis takes place on it)

Vacuole

A large, membrane bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes up much of the cell. Helps maintain the shape of the cell.

Mitosis

The process of nuclear cell division. During division the nucleus of the cell divides, resulting in two sets of identical chromosomes, or organized DNA proteins

12,000 years ago

Nomadic- hunter gather lifestyles

9,00-7,00 BCE

Fertile Crescent of Western Asia, Egypt, and India

Neolithic Founder crops

Flax, emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley- Lentil, pea, chick pea, and Bitter vetch

Bronze and Iron Ages

metal tools

When did the ard replace the hoe?

2,500-2,00 BCE

Zhou Dynasty

first canals were built to help transportation of crops and meat

When was the first biological pest control created along with the first extensive writings on agriculture as well as technological innovations?

221-581 AD

What was used for power in the 18th century?

Oxen and horses 1797 first iron plow was created

List some 1800s agricultural technologies

interchangeable parts, reaper, steel plows, commercial fertilizer, etc…

List some 1900s agricultural technologies

light tractors, cotton-strippers, frozen foods, organic chemicals to protect plants, etc…

How many number of farms are there and about how many acres are used for agriculture?

2.2 million farms and about 2.3 billion acres in agricultural lands

How much did agriculture and agriculture-related industries contribute to the GDP?

$992 billion in 2017

America’s farms contributed to how much of that number above?

$136.7 billion out of $992 billion so 7%

Is food insecurity in America declining?

Yes, from 13.4 in 2015 to 12.3 in 2016

How many of American workers produce, process, and sell the nation’s fiber and food?

21 million

How many U.S. farm acres are planted for export?

1/3

Percentage of raw U.S. farm products exported each year?

25%

What is PPE?

Personal Protective Equipment used to ensure safety in agricultural work environments.

What are the benefits of PPE?

Gloves- provide barrier to bio-penetration, hydrationprotection; Masks- filter harmful airborne particles; Goggles- protect eyes from chemicals and debris.

When discharging a fire extinguisher, how far away should you be positioned from the fire?

You should stand at least 6 to 8 feet away from the fire while discharging a fire extinguisher, aiming at the base of the flames.

What is another term for the trade name of a pesticide?

Another name is the brand name

Approximately how many grams are equal to one pound?

There are approximately 453.6 grams in one pound.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four genetically distinct haploid cells, crucial for sexual reproduction.

What are the steps to the scientific method?

1. Define problem

2. Literature review

3. Construct hypothesis

4. Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment

5. Analyze your data and draw a conclusion

6. Communicate your results

What are the types of breeding involves choosing specific parents to desirable characteristics in the offspring?

Selective breeding

The buildup of heat caused by radiant energy being trapped in the earth’s atmosphere is known as what?

Greenhouse effect

Air is what percent oxygen?

Air consists of 79 percent nitrogen and other gases about 21 percent oxygen, so the ratio of nitrogen to oxygen is about 4:1

What is meant by crop rotation?

Crop rotation is the practice of alternating the species of crops grown in a particular field across seasons to improve soil health and reduce pests and diseases.

What is the series of processes in which light energy is converted into simple sugar?

Photosynthesis is the series of processes in which light energy is converted into simple sugar, primarily in plants.

What do three numbers found on fertilizer label represent?

The three numbers represent the percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N-P-K), which are essential nutrients for plant growth.

What type of pesticide is used to kill insects?

Insecticide is a type of pesticide used to kill insects, helping to protect crops from damage.

What is the major source of carbohydrates for livestock?

Corn, oats, wheat, rye, etc…

What practices are used to prevent mastitis in dairy cattle?

Creating clean, stress free environments for cows. Remove all solids and clean teats. Examine the udder. Use proven, effective pre-milking teat dip. Use paper towels or reusable cloth towels to clean and dry teats. Use milking equipment properly.

Where is an intramuscular injection made?

Often given in the deltoid muscle of the arm, the vastus lateralis muscle of the leg and the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal muscle of the buttocks.

What is the name of the class of animals that have stomach with four components?

Rumen

What is the difference between animal welfare and animal rights?

Animal welfare focuses on humane treatment and care for animals, ensuring their well-being and health, while animal rights advocate for the inherent rights of animals, suggesting they should not be exploited by humans.

What are some common by products of the animal industry?

Common by-products of the animal industry include leather, gelatin, and various dairy products.

What is the function of the circulatory system in the body?

The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones throughout the body, regulating temperature and pH balance.

A holstein is a breed of what type of animal?

dairy cattle, known for high milk production.

What tool is used to restrain beef cattle from moving while receiving injection?

A livestock crush or standing stock

When gripping wood, metal, or plastic what type of tool would you use?

A gripping tool such as pliers or a vise.

A round device attached to a shaft and driven by a belt is known as what?

a pulley.

What is the U.S. standard unit of measurement when measuring the length of a piece of wood?

The U.S. standard unit of measurement for length is inches

A student who’s supervised agricultural experience involves their own herd of cattle has what type of SAE?

Entrepreneurship SAE.

What are the three parts of a speech?

The three parts of a speech are the introduction, body, and conclusion.

What does two taps of the gavel mean and what is the highest earning degree an FFA member can earn?

Call meetings to order and American degree

What scientists were responsible for determining the structure of the DNA molecule?

James Watson and Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins

What method of food preservation is being used when bacteria in milk produce lactic acid, turning milk into yogurt?

Lactic acid fermentation

What is a disadvantage of having genetic diversity in species?

The most serious environmental rik is the likelihood of transgene escaping from cultivated crops into wild relatives.

What is the term for a statement of what a researcher believes will happen during experimentation?

Hypothesis

When designing and conducting an experiment, what is the purpose of a “control group”?

To eliminate experimental errors and experimental bias

What term is used to describe an experiment that produces similar results each time the experiment is conducted?

Reliability is used to describe how an experiment produced similar results each time an experiment is conducted

What piece of personal protective equipment is used to protect skin on hands from contact with biologically hazardous materials?

Gloves

What should be done to all potentially biologically hazardous materials before disposing of them?

They should be sterilized or disinfected.

What does it mean for an animal to be homozygous for a particular gene?

Two copies of the same gene in the animals DNA