Texas History Unit 9

Texan's Sacrifices

Rationed food (sugar, canned goods, shoes, rubber, meat, other). Rationing of gasoline upset many, and the speed limit was set to 35 mph to conserve. Train travel increased

How many women served in the armed forces during WW2?

12,000 women served in noncombat forces.

Who led the Women's Army Corps (WAC) during WW2?

Oveta Culp Hobby

What was the role of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS) in WW2?

They flew planes and bombers from factories to US military bases, towed targets, and flew practice missions to train troops.

How many WASPS died while serving during WW2?

38

What was the State Guard during WW2?

A replacement for the National Guard that women could join.

What roles did women take on during WW2?

Women stepped into roles that men left behind, especially in factories.

What was the name of the women's naval reserve during WW2?

WAVES

US Enters WW2 After?

Bombing of Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

Who did we support in WWII, and who were our enemies?

We supported the Allied Powers, which consisted of Great Britain, China, France, and the USSR. We fought the Axis Powers, which was Germany, Japan, and Italy.

Lend-Lease Act

The US was supporting the Allied Powers by making military equipment available to them through the Lend-Lease Act.

Axis power treaty

They agreed to cooperate with each other and not to fight against each other.

Victory Gardens

Civilians would plant their own crops to support the war effort. (Grew own food so the mass crops could be sent to the troops.)

Boom and bust cycle for oil

Texas oil inudstry was booming from the 1940s to the 1970s. Its role in the US oil industry became more prevalent when OPEC was formed- an alliance between many oil producing countries in the world. (Organization of Petroluem Exporting Countries, made up of mostly Arab countries.) Two of these nations, Egypt anf Syria, did not like the fac tthat the US was supporting Israel in an ongoing war, so OPEC placed an embargo on oil shipped to the States. This caused a severe energy crisis where the price of oil skyrocketed- (roughly $1.80 to $11.65 a barrel). Gas limits were instituted, but Texas was thriving. Texas could charge high prices (high demand), and the oil industry was booming. However, in the 1980s, OPEC decided to "glut" the oil market and prices dropped, making the Texas oil industry go into the "bust" phase.

Boom and bust cycle for agriculture

Agriculture increased after WW2, and the industry was being transformed. Large-scale farms were replacing small family ones, and as a result, the families often left the rural area and moved to the city. Increased mechanization, expansion of irrigation, increased use of fertilzers, and more effective insectants all led to the growth of productivity of food and cotton in Texas. Crop farmers moved West where the soil was better, and East Texas became prime location for livestock raising. Cattle, chickens, and turkeys were raised. (Cattle was most common.) New agriculture techniques contributed to this time of prosperity for the agriculture industry.

Pollution in the ship channel

Refineries, paper mills, plants, and steel mills were dumping heavy amounts of pollution into the atmosphere. A lot of pollution ended up in the Houston Ship Channel, and at one point, there was no oxygen it it at all. Thankfully, there was an effort to clean it up and by 1980, scientists reported that fish, shrimp, and crabs returned to the water.

Freedom rides

Freedom rides were integrated bus rides that toured segregated areas of the South.

boycotts

refusing to buy/use a product or service (Montegomery Bus Boycott)

Sit in

African Americans would go to sit in the all-white section of a business to hurt it and force them to serve them.

Freedom rides, boycotts, sit-ins

All of these were NONVIOLENT protests

Vietnam War

Started in Johnson presidency, first televised war. Was not popular among many US citizens. Fight between North and South Vietnam, where the USSR supported the North and the U.S. supported the South. (Many argue, or agree that it was an offshoot of the Cold War.)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Ended literacy tests for voting

James Farmer

Founded CORE, the Congress of Racial Equality. He believed that court cases wouldn't lead to equality, so he organized non-violent protests. (Freedom Rides, boycotts, and sit-ins.) *did in fact work

Feedlots

A large outdoor facility used to raise cattle. (Fed them grain to fatten them up.)

Who was Vice President to Kennedy and stepped in after his assassination?

Lyndon B. Johnson

What was the name of the program launched by President Johnson aimed at addressing poverty?

The Great Society

What historical program inspired The Great Society?

The New Deal

What did President Johnson declare a 'war' on?

Poverty

What was the goal of the Great Society's massive government effort?

To end poverty by improving living conditions and helping people lift themselves out of the cycle of poverty.

What did Johnson believe was the best way to solve problems related to poverty?

Education

What program did Johnson launch to promote school readiness for pre-kindergarten children?

Head Start

Texas Tidelands and Eisenhower

Oil was discovered in the Texas tidelands, areas offshore. The US wanted to claim it for the federal government, and Texas disagreed. Republican candidate Dwight Eisenhower promised to give the tidelands to Texas so they would vote for him in the presidential election. He kept his promise after he was elected.

CORE- (Congress of Racial Equality)

Started by Texan James L. Farmer, this organization led non-violent protests to fight for civil rights.

Great Society programs (specifically Head Start)

Helped pre-school children be prepared for school by providing health educational, nutritional, social, and other services to families enrolled. Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided money to schools for textbooks, library materials, and special education.

LULAC

League of United Latin American Citizens. LULAC and other Mexican American groups emphasized the rights and duties of being citizens of the US, but also encouraged Mexican Americans to remember their heritage. They encouraged Mexican Americans to remain informed on national issues and to vote to increase their rights. LULAC filed lawsuits to desegregate schools and public facilities.

Integrated silicon circuit

A piece of silicon chip that contains a complex electric circut that makes the operations of computers possible. Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, led to creation of personal computers, digital watches, and thousands of other devices.

MALDEF

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational fund, worked to increase the Mexican American voting registration ijn Texas and other states, also brought lawsuits to end discrimination, especially against women. MALDEF encourage Mexican Americans to become lawyers and leaders in their communities.

What were the effects on Texas and Texans brought about by the red scare?

The Texas state government made membership in the Communist Party ILLEGAL.

Textbooks and books were examined closely for possible disloyal content.

State employees were made to sign a loyalty oath

Audie Murphy

He was a Texan who was named America's most decorated soldier. He fought in nine battles in North Africa and Europe and won every medal for bravery in the US, including the Medal of Honor. He went on to become a movie actor.

Olveta Culp Hobby

Served in the armed forces during WW2. The army asked her to organize a corps of 200,000 women to serve in noncombat forces in the military in 1941. She was assigned the rank of colonel and commanded this new Women's Army Corps throughout the war.

Michael DeBakey

He and Denton Cooley (Houston doctors) pioneered methods for open-heart surgery. DeBakey perfected or invented many medical devices and procedures that have become commonplace in heart surgery today.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

President of the US during the Great Depression and the start of WW2. Declared war on Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbor

“A date which will live in infamy”

Edith McKenna

First woman in Texas to have her pilot's license and her own plane. Was a CAP volunteer. (Civilian Air Patrol.)

Dorie Miller

He was an African American sailor from Waco, Tx. who fired at Japanese airplanes from the USS West Virginia during the attack on Pearl Harbor. He received the Navy Cross for bravery for his actions

Dwight Eisenhower

1952 presidential election Republican candidate who was WW2 war hero. He promised to end the Korean War, and when elected, gave control of the tidelands to Texas. Remade highway systems- “Interstate Highway System” (Led a military convoy in 1919. Poor roads made the trip last months, so it convinced Eisenhower that America needed a better highway system.)

Harry Truman

Assumed presidency after FDR died, ordered bomb on Hiroshima to be dropped. In the 1952 presidential election, he ran wanting to desegregate armed forces. Democrat.