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What is the main atom that organic molecules are based on?
Carbon.
What are the macronutrients mentioned that are essential for life?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
What percentage of the human body is comprised of water?
More than 70%.
What type of bond connects hydrogen and oxygen in water?
Covalent bond.
Which atom in a water molecule carries a negative charge?
Oxygen.
What is the term used for the uneven distribution of charges in a water molecule?
Dipole.
What property of water results from weak electrical attractions between water molecules?
Cohesion.
What type of bonds are essential for many biological molecules and form between water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds.
What is a key characteristic of water at room temperature and pressure?
It is a liquid.
Why is water considered a universal solvent?
It can attract ions and polar compounds.
What is implied by the high heat capacity of water?
That temperature changes are minimized because energy is used to break hydrogen bonds.
What is the significance of water's high latent heat of vaporization?
A large amount of energy is needed for water to evaporate.
How does water's density change when it freezes?
Ice forms a crystalline structure and is less dense than liquid water.
What happens to water molecules when they freeze?
They form a hexagonal arrangement through hydrogen bonding.
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA.
What is the basic structure of DNA?
A double helix made of nucleotides.
What is the difference between DNA and RNA regarding oxygen content?
DNA lacks an oxygen that RNA has.
What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
What type of bonds connect nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids?
Hydrogen bonds.
What is the role of DNA?
It carries the genetic code.
What is the function of RNA?
It copies the genetic code and helps synthesize proteins.
What is the significance of the term 'semi-conservative replication'?
Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.
What is the role of DNA helicase in replication?
It unzips the DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases.
What are Okazaki fragments?
Short pieces of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during replication.
What proves that DNA replication is semi-conservative?
The experiment by Meselson and Stahl with E. coli and nitrogen isotopes.
What are ribosomes primarily composed of?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
How many strands does RNA have?
Single-stranded.
What is the role of mRNA?
It carries information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
What type of sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose.
What is the genetic code said to be?
Triplet code, universal, degenerate, non-overlapping, and non-punctuated.
What is a codon?
A sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
It carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
What happens during transcription?
The DNA code is copied onto messenger RNA (mRNA).
How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?
Two hydrogen bonds.
How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine?
Three hydrogen bonds.
What is condensed DNA called when organized during cell division?
Chromatin or chromosomes.
Where is DNA primarily found in eukaryotic cells?
In the nucleus.
What aspect of water allows it to have high surface tension?
Hydrogen bonding.
Why is water's heat of fusion important?
It prevents cells from freezing easily.
What key feature allows water to stabilize temperature for cellular environments?
High heat capacity.
What reaction forms the phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA?
A condensation reaction.
What nucleotide connects to the 3’ carbon of the sugar in DNA?
The phosphate group.
What are the two structural differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded; DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose.
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide.
What happens when there is a mutation in a gene?
It can cause changes in the protein that is synthesized.
What is the maximum density for water achieved at what temperature?
4°C.
In what form do ribosomes play a role in protein synthesis?
They catalyze the formation of peptide bonds.
What do we call the process by which mRNA is translated into a protein?
Translation.
What is the main component of ribosomes?
rRNA.
What happens to water when it evaporates in terms of bonds?
Hydrogen bonds must be broken.
What molecule is synthesized during transcription using the DNA template?
mRNA.
What must occur for the bases in DNA to form complementary pairs?
Nucleotides must be rotated to allow proper pairing.
In the context of DNA replication, what is the role of DNA polymerase?
It adds nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction complementary to the template strand.
What are the three types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
What type of bond holds the sugar-phosphate backbone in a nucleic acid together?
Covalent bonds.
In which part of the cell does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm.
What does the term 'antiparallel' refer to in DNA structure?
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.
What occurs to the hydrogen bonds during DNA replication?
They are broken to allow strands to separate.
How is energy related to the breaking of hydrogen bonds in water?
Energy is required to break hydrogen bonds, contributing to high heat properties.
What type of interaction is responsible for the cohesive strength of water?
Hydrogen bonds.
What structural feature allows ice to be less dense than liquid water?
Crystalline structure formed by hydrogen bonding.
How does the structure of nucleic acids facilitate their function?
The sequence of bases encodes genetic information.
What charge does oxygen carry in a water molecule?
Partial negative charge.
What structural arrangement do water molecules form when frozen?
Hexagonal lattice.
What elements combine to form water?
Hydrogen and oxygen.
During which stage of protein synthesis is mRNA created?
Transcription.
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence.
In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine?
Thymine or uracil in RNA.
What is a phosphodiester bond?
A bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another.
Where can plasmids be found?
In prokaryotic cells.
