APUSH Unit 6

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Mechanization of agriculture

Farming replaced by machines like reapers, leading to increased efficiency in crop production.

Mechanical reaper

A machine designed specifically for efficiently harvesting crops, revolutionizing agriculture.

Combine harvester

A versatile machine that combines the processes of harvesting and threshing crops in one operation.

Obsolescence of small farmers

The phenomenon where small farmers are bought out by larger agricultural operations, leading to a decline in small-scale farming.

Price decrease

Lower prices for agricultural products that can harm small farmers while benefiting larger farming operations.

Industrial trusts

Monopolies that dominate industries and can raise prices on manufactured goods, limiting market competition.

Farmer resistance

The collective efforts of farmers united to advocate for socialization and education regarding their rights and conditions.

National Grange movement

An organization of farmers advocating for political change to benefit agricultural communities and reduce the power of monopolies.

Granger Laws

Legislation enacted to regulate unfair practices by railroads, aimed at protecting farmers from exploitation.

Commerce Act

An act that mandated fair pricing practices in the railroad industry, enforced by a regulatory commission.

Pacific Railroad Act

Legislation that granted land to support the construction of a transcontinental railroad, facilitating westward expansion.

Homestead Act

A law that provided 160 acres of public land to settlers willing to farm it for at least five years.

Gold discovery at Pike's Peak

The 1869 event that spurred increased migration and the establishment of boomtowns due to the gold rush.

Cattle trade

An economic activity facilitated by railroads, allowing for the efficient movement of cattle to markets.

Romanticization of the cowboy

The cultural idealization of cattle herders in the American West, often depicted in literature and media.

Barbed wire

An invention that revolutionized fencing, enabling more effective land use and management in agriculture.

Sodbusters

The term used to describe the first farmers who used plows to cultivate land in the western United States.

Frontier Closure (1890)

The official declaration marking the end of westward expansion in America, highlighting the completion of settlement.

Fredrick Jackson Turner

A historian who warned of potential class conflicts that could arise following the closure of the American frontier.

Reservation System

A policy under which Native Americans were assigned specific areas of land, often resulting in loss of their traditional territories.

Sioux Wars

A series of conflicts between Sioux tribes and the U.S. government in the late 19th century over land rights.

Indian Appropriation Act

Legislation that ended the federal recognition of Native American sovereignty, affecting their rights to self-governance.

Dawes Act

An act that divided Native American reservations into individual plots for farming, undermining communal living.

Assimilationist Movement

Efforts aimed at integrating Native Americans into mainstream American culture, often at the expense of their own cultural practices.

Ghost Dance Movement

A spiritual movement among Native Americans intending to restore their way of life, leading to violent confrontations.

Wounded Knee Battle

A tragic conflict resulting in the massacre of Native Americans by U.S. soldiers, marking the end of significant Native resistance.

Old South

The cultural and economic system in the Southern United States prior to the Civil War, characterized by agrarian values and slavery.

Henry Grady

A journalist who championed the industrialization of the South following the Civil War, advocating for economic diversification.

Sharecropping

An agricultural labor system where farmers worked the land for a share of the crops, often leading to debt and economic dependence.

Racial Segregation

The enforced separation of races, particularly in the Southern U.S., upheld by law and societal norms.

Compromise of 1877

The political agreement that marked the end of Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South, leading to increased oppression of African Americans.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, legitimizing racial segregation.

Jim Crow Laws

A series of laws enacted to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South.

Lynching

A form of violent mob execution often targeting African Americans, emblematic of the racial terror in the South.

Black Codes

Laws aimed at restricting the freedoms and rights of African Americans following the Civil War.

Civil Rights

The legal protections and guarantees provided to individuals to safeguard against discrimination.

Industrial Growth

The significant economic development in Southern cities following the Civil War, resulting in the rise of an industrial economy.

Textile Production

The manufacturing of cloth, which became a crucial component of the Southern economy during industrialization.

Population Boom

The rapid increase in the Southern population during the period of industrial growth.

Racial Injustice

The systematic discrimination and unfair treatment faced by African Americans, particularly in the South.

Ida B Wells

An investigative journalist and activist known for her work opposing Jim Crow laws and lynching.

Henry Turner

An activist who founded a migration society aimed at helping African Americans relocate and prosper.

Booker T Washington

An African American educator and leader who advocated for economic self-sufficiency over immediate political equality.

Gilded Age

The period in the late 19th century characterized by rapid economic growth, wealth concentration, and social inequality.

Mass Production

The large-scale manufacturing of goods intended for international markets, significantly impacting the economy.

Transcontinental Railroad

A major railroad connection that linked Nebraska to California, enhancing economic growth and national markets.

Bessemer Process

An innovative method for producing high-quality steel, instrumental in the industrial revolution.

Anthracite Coal

The primary energy source that fueled industrialization and the growth of factories.

Standard Oil

John D. Rockefeller’s oil company that controlled 90% of the U.S. oil industry, becoming a symbol of corporate power.

Horizontal Integration

A business strategy that involves acquiring competitors to eliminate market competition and increase market share.

Vertical Integration

A strategy where a company controls all stages of production and distribution to enhance efficiency and reduce costs.

Laissez-Faire

An economic policy that promotes minimal government intervention in business affairs.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the strongest companies and individuals survive in a competitive marketplace.

Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's philosophy that the wealthy have the responsibility to invest their riches in society for the common good.

Captains of Industry

Business leaders who are viewed positively for their role in economic growth and innovation.

Robber Barons

Business leaders accused of exploiting workers and engaging in unethical practices to amass wealth.

Conspicuous Consumption

The lavish display of wealth by the affluent, often as a status symbol.

Labor Unions

Organizations that advocate for the rights and working conditions of workers, striving to improve labor standards.

Great Railroad Strike

A major labor strike that occurred due to wage cuts, characterized by widespread violence and conflict.

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike that protested wage cuts, which disrupted mail service and led to federal intervention.

Knights of Labor

An inclusive labor union that aimed to unite workers and eliminate monopolies.

Eugene V Debs

A prominent labor leader and activist who opposed the actions taken during the Pullman strike.

Factory Conditions

The often unsafe and unhealthy environments faced by workers in industrial settings, leading to labor unrest.

Economic Inequality

The growing divide between the wealthy elite and the working class, a central issue during the Gilded Age.

Panic of 1873 and 1893

Economic crises that resulted in severe impacts on wages and employment for the working class.

Underpaid Laborers

Workers who receive inadequate compensation for their labor, often exploited in the industrial economy.

Telegraph Wires

Communications technology that enabled long-distance communication, significantly enhancing trade and commerce.

International Market

The global network for the exchange of goods, including resources like coal.

Haymarket Square Riot

A violent incident during an 1886 protest for an eight-hour workday, resulting in heightened tensions between labor and authorities.

Knights of Labor

A labor organization closely associated with the Haymarket Riot, advocating for workers' rights.

American Federation of Labor

A labor union led by Samuel Gompers that focused on skilled workers and collective bargaining.

Immigration

The movement of individuals from one country to another for settlement, significantly influencing U.S. demographics.

Urbanization

The shift of populations from rural areas to urban industrial cities during the 19th century.

Ethnic Enclaves

Communities where immigrants maintain their cultural traditions and practices.

Exoduster Movement

The migration of African Americans from the South to the western United States after the Civil War.

Nativism

A political and social preference for native-born citizens, often leading to discrimination against immigrants.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A political figure who campaigned against immigration due to fears of declining Anglo-Saxon dominance.

American Protective Association

A group that opposed Catholic immigrants, particularly targeting Irish immigrants, reflecting anti-immigrant sentiment.

Social Darwinism

A belief in the superiority of certain races, which influenced attitudes toward immigrants and their integration into society.

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Legislation that prohibited further Chinese immigration to the U.S., reflecting xenophobia and discrimination.

Settlement Houses

Community centers aimed at aiding the assimilation of immigrants into American society, providing educational and social services.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed to advocate for workers’ rights, seeking better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Working Class Districts

Areas characterized by tenement housing with poor living conditions and high rates of disease.

Cultural Institutions

Establishments such as churches and synagogues that provide community support and promote cultural identity.

Transcontinental Railroad

A major railway built largely with Chinese immigrant labor that connected the Eastern and Western U.S.

Domestic Servants

Jobs commonly held by successful Exodusters in Kansas, often involving household labor.

Homesteading

The effort by Exodusters to claim land for agricultural use, aiming for self-sufficiency.

Leisure Time

Increased free time enjoyed by middle-class workers due to industrial efficiencies.

Craft Workers

Skilled laborers who were represented by the American Federation of Labor, enjoying better working conditions.

Typewriters

A popular employment tool that opened up job opportunities for women entering the workforce.

Working Conditions

Labor environments that were often improved through the advocacy and actions of unions for safety and rights.

Immigrant Rights

The movement advocating for the humane treatment and integration of immigrants into society.

Disease Outbreaks

Health crises that commonly occurred in densely populated urban tenements, impacting public health.

Coney Island

Renowned as the largest amusement park of its time, famous for its elaborate entertainment attractions.

PT Barnum

A famous showman known for his circuses and for shaping American entertainment culture.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's philosophy that wealthy individuals should contribute to society through philanthropy.

Laissez-faire capitalism

An economic system characterized by minimal government interference in business affairs.

Henry George

An economist who proposed a single tax on land to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality.

Utopianism

The concept of creating an ideal society, often critiquing the flaws of capitalism.

Socialism

The political and economic theory advocating for community or government ownership of production and resources for equal benefit.