BIO 111 Goschke Cal Poly Exam 1

Forms of energy include

Solar energy

Chemical energy

Mechanical energy

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy can be converted between forms (between potential and kinetic energy)

2nd law of thermodynamics

Conversion of energy from one form to another results in a loss of energy as heat

Entropy

The loss of organization (2nd law of thermodynamics)

An organic nutrient is a molecule containing both

carbon and hydrogen atoms

Atoms that are not reactive typically have

outer orbital filled

Monomers are joined together into polymers through .... reactions

dehydration synthesis

Polymers are broken down into monomers through.... reactions

hydrolysis

Fatty acids can be

Saturated or unsaturated

Saturated Fatty Acids

Carbons are bound to two carbons and two hydrogens, are hydrophobic, form long straight chains

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Carbons are bound only to hydrogens, are less hydrophobic, form bent chains

Proteins are composed of

amino acids

Peptide bonds link amino acids together to form

polypeptides

protein primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids

protein secondary structure

amino acids interact with each other

Protein tertiary structure

3D molecules are made, protein is functional

protein quaternary structure

different polypeptides interact with each other forming more complex molecules

Four major biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Monomers for lipids are

fatty acids and glycerol

Monomers of protein are

amino acids

Nucleic acids include

DNA and RNA

Monomer of nucleic acids are

nucleotides

The major elements in the four biomolecules are

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (Carbs and lipids contain these 3), Nitrogen (Included in protein and nucleic acids), and Phosphorus (only included in nucleic acids)

hydrolisis reaction

A molecule of water is added to the polymer to break the link between monomers "water-breaking"

(Blank) are the preferred energy source for all living organisms

carbs

Classes of lipids

triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids

ATP molecules are composed of

A ribose sugar, a nitrogen-containing adenine molecule, and three phosphate groups

Two forms of digestion

mechanical and chemical

Inside villi are

capillaries and lacteals

Capillaries in vili transport

hydrophilic (water-soluble) nutrients

Lacteals in villi transport

hydrophobic (fat-soluble) molecules

Enzymes are (blank) meaning they make chemical reactions occur faster

metabolic catalysts

The digestive system maintains homeostasis within the body by

Ingesting food

Breaking down energy nutrients into small molecules that can be used for life processes

Absorbing nutrients

Eliminating indigestible remains

Esophagus

transports food from mouth to stomach

stomach

Mechanical mixing of food, begins protein digestion

Large intestine

Eliminates undigested materials, reabsorbed water and some salts

Salivary glands

lubricates food and provides enzymes for carbohydrate digestion

Liver

produces bile to assist lipid digestion, processes and stores nutrients

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine, assists in regulating blood glucose levels

Gallbladder

Stores bile until needed by small intestine

Accessory organs include

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder