(Draft) U1 Ch 4 - Nutrition - VET 217 Large Animal

What is common without proper nutrition?

Disease & reproductive failure.

What percentage of health-related disease in large animals can be related to improper nutrition?

Up to 90%.

What are the types of digestive systems of different livestock species?

Non-ruminant = horses & swine;

Modified ruminant = llamas & alpacas;

Ruminant = cattle, sheep, & goats.

Cardia?

Connects the esophagus to the stomach.

What is one of the major differences within different large animal digestive systems?

Stomach design.

What does saliva contain?

Salivary amylase and salivary maltase.

Salivary amylase?

Responsible for converting some starch to maltase or maltase sugar.

Salivary maltase?

Responsible for changing maltase to glucose.

Rest of slide 4…then rest of ruminant digestive system slide 5-10…

What is the primary mechanism of digestion in non-ruminants?

The use of enzymes & gastric juices by the stomach.

What are the main stomach digestive enzymes?

Pepsin, rennin, & gastric lipase.

Pepsin?

Rennin?

Gastric lipase?

smth about much of fat not being broken down…

SLIDE 12 …

SLIDE 13 …

Nutrient requirements… SLIDE 14 …

Carbohydrates?

Make up a large percentage of livestock diets & made up of simple sugars;

Cereal grains and forages are good sources.

rest of SLIDE 15 …

SLIDE 16 …

Roughages?

Aka forages; typically cut & cured so that they can be fed to livestock throughout the year;

Are required in ruminant diets & these products often contain 18% crude fiber.

Pasture plants?

Roughages that have not been cut & are eaten directly in the pasture.

What categories can dry roughages be divided into?

Carbonaceous = low in protein, & proteinaceous = high in protein.

Legumes?

Proteinaceous roughages that contain nitrogen.

What food item is required in ruminants?

Roughages.

Examples of carbonaceous roughages?

Straw & stocks.

Examples of proteinaceous roughages?

Clover (including alfalfa, white clover, sweet clover, etc.) & hay (either pure or mixed grasses, including Kentucky bluegrass, orchard grass, fescue, Bermuda, Timothy, etc.)

Which common grazing roughage may be hazardous to ruminants & why?

Alfalfa due to risk of bloat.

What is the most needed nutrient?

Water.

Silages?

Energy feeds?

Aka carbonaceous concentrates?

Watch out - Ergot! …

What is important to know about animal origin protein supplements in ruminants?

Cattle and other ruminants can not be fed material derived from mammalian sources, such as meat, bone meal, and other animal by-products;

In 1997, the FDA established this rule to minimize potential spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prions!);

Tallow, blood by-products, gelatin, and milk products are excluded from regulation and are acceptable for use in ration formulation.