social psychology- Final

Stereotype

The belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group.

Prejudice

A negative attitude or response towards a group and its individual members.

Discrimination

Unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group.

Economic Perspective

This perspective explains that one group may have more resources, causing prejudice, which can be reduced through cooperative goals.

Motivational Perspective

This perspective focuses on the need that leads to intergroup conflict, emphasizing in-group favoritism and out-group hostility.

Cognitive Perspective

This perspective describes how we categorize people into groups based on schemas about differences.

Overt Racism

Visible or apparent discrimination.

Covert Racism

Hidden or concealed forms of racism.

Benevolent Racism

A mix of positive and negative sentiments towards a race that can justify negative stereotypes.

Social Identity Theory

A theory suggesting that a person's self-esteem is derived from their group identity and accomplishments.

Automatic Processing

An involuntary and unconscious way of processing social information based on emotional responses.

Controlled Processing

A conscious and deliberate way of processing social information that can override automatic responses.

Attributional Ambiguity

The uncertainty about whether treatment received is due to personal attributes or group membership.

Stereotype Threat

The fear of confirming stereotypes about one’s group, which can negatively affect performance.

Deindividuation

A reduction in self-identity and self-regulation, often leading to antisocial behaviors within large groups.

Social Facilitation

The effect of the presence of others on an individual's performance, which can be positive or negative.

Social Loafing

The tendency to exert less effort when working in a group compared to working individually.

Groupthink

A situation in which group members conform to the majority opinion to maintain group harmony.

Group Polarization

The phenomenon where a group of like-minded individuals reinforces each other's opinions, making them more extreme.

Social Leader

A leader who builds teamwork and offers support.

Transactional Leader

A leader who sets clear goals and rewards compliance.

Transformational Leader

A leader who inspires followers to focus on long-term goals.

Power

The amount of control or influence one person has over another individual or group.

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.

Peace

A state of low levels of hostility and aggression, not necessarily the absence of conflict.

Prisoner's Dilemma

A situation in which individuals must choose between cooperation and betrayal.

Tragedy of the Commons

A situation in which shared resources are overused and depleted.

GRIT

A strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions through small, reciprocal actions.

Mirror Image Perceptions

The tendency to see oneself as good and all others as bad.

Non-Zero-Sum Games

Situations where both parties can win or lose, contrasting win-lose paradigms.

Altruistic Norms

People’s desire to appear good and honest, influencing social behavior.

Self-Censorship

Withholding information or opinions during group discussions to maintain harmony.

Prosocial Behavior

The idea of doing something good for society without reward.

Altruism

Helping others without return; intentional action that benefits another person.

Empathy Altruism Hypothesis

Helping others reduces stress; considered the purest form of altruism.

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where people are less likely to help a victim when others are present.

Diffusion of Responsibility

The tendency for individuals to feel less urgency to help in emergencies when others are present.

Cooperation

An essential function where individuals work together towards a common goal.

Competition

The belief that one's goals are negatively related to others' goals.

Good Samaritan Study

Study showing that individuals who are not in a hurry are significantly more likely to help others.

Bystander Effect example

The phenomenon where individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation when others are present, exemplified by the murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964, where 37 bystanders did not intervene.

Empathy Specific Punishment

Empathy is triggered by fear of punishment.

Empathy Specific Reward

Empathy is triggered by the need for social reward.

Future Trends in Social Psychology

Factors affecting the future include public opinion on climate change, progress in race relations, impacts of new technologies, the absence of a retirement safety net for upcoming generations, and various economic issues.