A & P 2 (metabolism)

What is metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including anabolic and catabolic reactions

What is an anabolic reaction? Give an example

Builds polymers from monomers.

Example: glucose → glycogen or amino acids → proteins.

What is a catabolic reaction? Give an example.

Breaks polymers into monomers.

Example: glycogen → glucose or triglycerides → fatty acids and glycerol.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates: glucose

2. Lipids: fatty acids & glycerol

3. Proteins: amino acids

4. Nucleic acids: nucleotides

What are the polymers of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates: glycogen/starch

2. Lipids: triglycerides

3. Proteins: hemoglobin, insulin, fibrinogen, etc.

4. Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA

What are the three stages of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs cycle

3. Electron Transport System (ETS)

Where does each stage of cellular respiration occur

1. Glycolysis: cytoplasm

2. Krebs cycle

3. ETS: mitochondria

What is the main product of cellular respiration

ATP

Which stage produces the most ATP

Electron Transport System (ETS)

What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis

Pyruvic acid

What is produced during anaerobic glycolysis

Lactic acid

What is the major byproduct of complete aerobic respiration

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

What is gluconeogenesis

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

What is glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

What is glycogenesis

Formation of glycogen from glucose for storage.

What happens to excess blood glucose

It is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.

How are lipids transported in the body

As chylomicrons through the lymphatic system.

What are the three lipid metabolic processes

Beta-oxidation, lipogenesis, and lipolysis.

What happens during beta-oxidation

Fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA.

What happens during lipogenesis? Is it anabolic or catabolic

Forms lipids from acetyl-CoA; anabolic.

What happens during lipolysis? Is it anabolic or catabolic

Breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol; catabolic

What are examples of proteins

Hemoglobin, insulin, fibrinogen, gamma globulins, and myelin

What happens during protein catabolism

Proteins are broken down into amino acids

Which metabolic pathways increase blood glucose

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Which metabolic pathway stores glucose

Glycogenesis