AP World - Unit 9: Globalization

How did new modes of communication reduce the problem of geographic distance?

Advancements in consumer technology dramatically increased the rate and reach of information sharing

How did the development of transportation change the world?

Globalizes economies and trade (between countries)

Effect of the increase in energy technologies

Raised productivity and increased the production of material goods

Effects of more effective forms of birth control

Greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to the declining rates of fertility

Why do women in developed nations use birth control?

To wait longer to have families (choosing education, careers, fewer children)

Green Revolution

a major worldwide shift in farming that greatly increased food production with crossbreeding and the creation of GMOs— possible long-term response to hunger

Effects of Green Revolution and commercial agriculture

Increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population

Problems with the Green Revolution

• Small farmers can’t afford chemicals and go out of business, which leads to the rise of agribusiness

• Crossbreeding and GMOs create food surplus, but are terrible for the planet

Impact of vaccines and antibiotics

Increases the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives, but also new diseases associated with longevity arise

World Health Organizations

works with vaccinations globally (in developing countries)

Green energy

Power that comes from renewable sources (problem: expensive, slow, and unreliable)

Effects of diseases and medical developments on populations

Diseases decreased populations, while medical developments increased populations and longevity

Pathogen

a germ that can cause a disease

Epidemic

Spread of a disease in an area

Pandemic

Spread of a disease across many coutnries

Where are diseases an issue?

Poor countries with contaminated drinking water, no shelter from mosquitos with malaria, poor working or living conditions and tight spaces, etc.

Doctors Without Borders

• An organization that provides medical care to people in areas affected by war, disasters, and disease

Effect of human overpopulation

Deforestation, desertification, decline in air quality, and conflict over resources

Cause and effects of environmental changes related to industries

The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change

Urbanization

The growth of cities as more people move to urban areas

Greenhouse gases

Gases that trap heat in the earth’s atmosphere

Green Party

a political party that focuses on combatting climate change

Green Belt Movement

organization that plants trees in Kenya

Market forces

Supply, demand, and competition that affect prices and businesses.

Kyoto Protocol

An international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Paris Agreement

A global agreement to fight climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Causes of environmental change

Overpopulation, globalization, industrialization, urbanization

Extinction Rebellion

A protest group that campaigns for action against climate change.

What did many governments encourage by the end of the Cold War?

Free market economic policies and economic liberalization

Economic liberalization

Making the economy more open to private businesses and competition - deregulating a country’s economy to be more free market

Free market

economic system where the government doesn’t get involved and prices are determined by supply and demand

Problems with free market economies

Without oversight, many corporations move overseas to increase profits which worsens economic and social disparities and increases environmental damage

Trickle-down economics

The idea that helping businesses and wealthy people will eventually benefit everyone - wealth flowing from the top down

Deng Xiaopeng

Under him, China liberalized its economy by implementing capitalist/free-market practices while still remaining politically communist

Tiananmen Square

Protests for political liberalization that arose after Deng Xiaopeng liberalized China’s economy

Knowledge based economy

An economy that depends heavily on information, technology, and education

Why do countries create knowledge based economies

Citizens can make more money working for big online companies instead of being factory workers

Asian Tigers

South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore - knowledge based economies

GATT

An international agreement that aimed to reduce trade barriers between countries

World trade organization

Creates rules that govern 90% of international trade

International monetary funds (IMF)

An organization that provides financial help and advice to countries with economic problems

NAFTA

regional trade agreement that reduced trade barriers in North America

EEC/EU

European regional trade agreements

Mercosur

South American regional trade agreements

ASEAN

Southeast Asian nations regional trade agreements

USMCA

regional trade agreement in North America that replaced NAFTA

Consumer culture

A society where buying and using goods is an important part of life.

What did the revolutions in information and communications technology lead to the growth of?

Knowledge based economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America (global south)

What reflected the spread of principles associated with free-market economics throughout the world?

Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements

United Nations

An international organization where countries work together to promote peace and security and solve global problems

Peacekeeping force

International troops sent to help keep peace in areas affected by conflict

Rights-based discourse

Educated conversations about human rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A document adopted by the UN in 1948 that lists the basic rights and freedoms all people should have

Greenpeace

violent environmental movement

World Fair Trade

economic movement that promotes no child labor and good working conditions and pay