AP Gov Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Vocab

Incorporation Doctrine

A constitutional doctrine through which selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Prior Restraint

Censorship imposed, usually by a government, on expression before the expression actually takes place

Symbolic Speech

A legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

Commercial Speech

Speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the intent of making profit

Probable Cause

Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion

Search Warrant

A judge's order authorizing a search

Exclusionary Rule

A legal principle in the United States, under constitutional law, which holds the evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is sometimes inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.

Plea Bargain

Agreement between a prosecutor and a defendant that the defendant will plea guilty to a lesser offense to avoid having to stand trial for a more serious offense.

Suffrage

The right to vote

CR Act of 1964

An act that made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

De Jure Segregation

Racial segregation that is required by law

Poll Tax

A tax a person is required to pay before he or she is allowed to vote.

White Primary

The practice of keeping African Americans from voting in southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation

Voting Rights Act 1965

Allowed federal government to enforce voting rights in states which had a history of voting discrimination and aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution

24th Amendment

Citizens shall not be denied the right to vote by states or the United States "by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax."

Comparable Worth

Requires equal pay for jobs that are equal or comparable in value to an employer and makes sure that women are paid the same as men.

American w/Disabilities Act 1990

Requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for the disabled and prohibits discrimination against disabled in employment.

Affirmative Action

Programs designed to increase minority participation in some institution (businesses, schools, labor unions, or government agencies) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members

Equality of Opportunity

Giving people an equal chance to succeed

Equality of Results

Making certain that people achieve the same result

De Facto Segregation

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as result of patterns of residential settlement.