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Jackson's Inauguration
Marking the beginning of Andrew Jackson's presidency in 1829, his inauguration symbolized the 'rise of the common man,' as large crowds of ordinary citizens attended, reflecting his populist appeal.
Spoils System
A practice initiated during Jackson's presidency, where political supporters were rewarded with government jobs, emphasizing loyalty over merit.
John C. Calhoun
A prominent Southern politician and Jackson's vice president who advocated for states' rights and developed the theory of nullification.
Nullification
The idea that states have the right to nullify, or invalidate, federal laws they consider unconstitutional. This theory was central to the nullification crisis of 1832-33.
Webster-Hayne Debate
A series of Senate speeches in 1830 between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne, debating states' rights versus federal power. Webster's defense of federal authority became iconic.
Trail of Tears
The forced relocation of Cherokee and other Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to territories west of the Mississippi River, resulting in widespread suffering and death.
Franchise
The right to vote, which expanded in the 1820s as many states eliminated property qualifications, allowing more white men to vote.
Democratization
The process of expanding voting rights, which was incomplete in the 1820s as women, Native Americans, and African Americans were excluded from the franchise.
Jackson's leadership during the nullification crisis
Jackson displayed a mix of firmness and pragmatism, opposing nullification as a threat to the Union while securing the Force Bill and passing a compromise tariff.
Jackson's policy toward Native Americans
Prioritized Indian removal, culminating in the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Trail of Tears, actions now regarded as deeply unjust and inhumane.
Bank of the United States
Jackson viewed it as an elitist institution undermining democracy, destroying it by vetoing its recharter and redirecting federal funds to state banks.
King Andrew the First
A term used by critics who saw Jackson as overstepping presidential authority, particularly with his vetoes and Indian removal policies.
Jackson's stance on states' rights
Inconsistent; he opposed states' rights in the nullification crisis but championed federal overreach in Indian removal and demonstrated selective interpretation during the Bank War.
Seneca Falls Convention
The first women's rights convention in 1848, advocating for gender equality and the right to vote, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
William Lloyd Garrison
A prominent abolitionist and publisher of The Liberator, advocating for the immediate end of slavery.
David Walker
An African American abolitionist who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, urging enslaved people to fight for freedom.
Frederick Douglass
A former enslaved person turned leading abolitionist, known for his powerful oratory and writings, including The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.
Anti-Abolitionism
Opposition to the abolitionist movement, often fueled by economic interests and racial prejudice.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel that exposed the horrors of slavery, galvanizing the abolitionist movement.
Forms of feminism in the mid-19th century
Focused on legal equality, particularly in marriage and property rights, and the right to vote, with the Seneca Falls Convention marking the beginning of organized women's suffrage advocacy.
Rise of abolitionism
Grew as moral opposition to slavery increased, fueled by religious revivalism and literature like Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Rise of anti-abolitionism
Arose in reaction to abolitionism, driven by fears of economic disruption and entrenched racism.
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