BIOAP 1100 Quiz 1

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

pH buffering system

kinase

enzyme that adds phosphate

phosphotase

removes phosphate group

adenylate cyclase (AC)

converts ATP to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

carbonic anhydrase

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

glycan

carbohydrate group added to protein chain

ligand

a molecule that binds to a receptor

nuclear, G-protein, tyrosine kinase

receptor types:

enterokinase

converts trypsinogen to trypsin

Gluconeogenesis

formation of new glucose

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycogenesis

formation of glycogen from glucose

serotonin and acetylcholine

Neurotransmitters:

eicosanoid hormones

derived from fatty acids

K+

Ion with higher concentration in cells

Na+

Ion with higher concentration outside of cells

G-protein coupled receptors; Tyrosine receptors

Plasma membrane receptors:

Actin

protein that polymerizes to comprise the microfilaments

Tubulin

A protein that polymerizes to form microtubules (hollow tube)

Dynein

A motor protein that carries cargo away from the plasma membrane toward the minus ends of microtubules.

Kinesine

Transport material toward microtubule plus ends, transporting materials from the cell interior toward the cortex

Myosin

protein that moves along actin during muscle contraction

Nucleolus

produces and assembles ribosomes; transcribes ribosomal RNA

Smooth ER

Synthesis and storage of lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and steroid hormones

Rough ER

continuous with the nucleus, produces ribosomes

cisternae

stacked pouches on golgi complex or ER

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell

Mitochondria

first step of steroid production occurs at the inner membrane of this organelle

Mitochondrial DNA

mtDNA

Heterochromatin

highly condensed chromatin

Euchromatin

loosely packed chromatin

endosomes

intracellular sorting organelles- endocytic and secretory pathways

Vacuole

A high number of this organelle indicates cell death

Cilia

made of microtubules (axoneme 9+2 arrangement); motile or nonmotile (sensory)

Flagella

longer than cilia; axoneme and dynein; provides motility through liquid

Microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area; supported by actin filaments

tight junctions

regulates what can pass between cells

adherens

Joins actin bundles between cells

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart; supported with intermediate filaments

gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells (transfers ions and small molecules); important for function of heart muscles as a syncytium

Hemidesmosomes

intermediate filaments connect to extracellular matrix

focal adhesions

connect the ECM to actin-based microfilaments in the cytoskeleton

Receptors

protein based structures that have specificity and affinity for their hormones and can become saturated

dissociation constant (Kd)

likelihood of two objects separating (high affinity= low value)

extracellular; transmembrane; intracellular domains

plasma membrane receptor areas

secondary messengers

cAMP; DAG (Diacylglycerol); IP3 (Inositol Triphosphate)

Ligand>Receptor>G Protein Alpha Subunit>Adenylate Cyclase>cAMP>More cAMP>Protein Kinase>Modification of Protein

G-coupled protein receptor sequence:

Ligand>Receptor>Tyrosine (amino acid)>other proteins> often results in changes to gene expression (dimerize)

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase sequence:

lipophilic

most ligands are able to bind to nuclear receptors (some of which are in the cytoplasm) because they are...

transcription factors

Nuclear receptors act as this to convert DNA to mRNA

Exocytosis

how neurotransmitters are excreted and new membranes can be inserted into the cell membrane

Endocytosis

this process is usually receptor mediated and involves receptor recycling

Mitosis

2N, 4C to 2N, 2C

Meiosis

2N, 4C to 1N, 2C to 1N, 1C

# of homologous chromosomes

N

# of sister chromatids

C

2

# of H bonds between A and T

3

# of H bonds between G and C

double-stranded RNA

dsRNA

Introns

Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.

Exons

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

silent mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

neutral mutation

changes the amino acid sequence of a protein without altering its ability to function

nonsense mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon that results in a changed protein

InDels

Insertions and deletions in DNA

point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

linkage disequilibrium

When a pair of alleles from two loci are inherited together in the same gamete more/less often than random chance would expect

Double Muscle Mutation

where the MSTN gene that codes for myostatin protein (which inhibits and regulates muscle development) is not functioning