Botany Exam 2

Biotic Factor

The living components of the environment (producers and consumers)

Abiotic factor

Nonliving parts of the environment (sun, water, wind)

producers are…

autotrophic

consumers are….

heterotrophic

Metabolism

All of the reactions inside a living organism

Where did all of the energy on the Earth come from?

the Sun

Respiration

Releases energy and carbon stores in organic molecules

Where does respiration occur?

Cytosol and mitochondria

Glycolysis

Breaks glucose to make Acetyl-CoA — makes 2 ATP

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)

Releases from Acetyl-CoA, energy is transferred to 2 ATP and Electron carriers, Carbon is released as CO2

How many ATP does each glucose molecule produce?

30-32

Reasons for Global warming

rise in greenhouse gases, increase in solar activity, decrease in global dimming, natural rhythm of the Earth

Rise in greenhouse gases

Increase production of CO2, decreased use of CO2 (deforestation)

Decrease in global dimming

decrease in amount of soot in atmosphere, which used to reflect solar radiation back into space

What is warming?

Water and air temps

What does the jet stream do?

Allows moisture farther inland and letting cold go farther south.

What can we do to help with global warming?

reduce waste, reuse/recycle, protect wildlife, use less fossil fuels, educate others

Structure of DNA?

Dna is a polymer, which is a chain of nucleotides.

what are nucleotides made of?

Phosphate group, sugar, base

Types of bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine (A-T, G-C)

Gametophyte

the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes.

Sporophyte

the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g. the frond of a fern.

chromosome

thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA