Napoleon's Fall, European Reaction & 19th Century Impact

Why did Napoleon invade Russia in 1812?

To confront the Russian czar and enforce the Continental System.

What problems did Napoleon's army face at the beginning of the Russian campaign?

Extreme heat, supply shortages, and hunger.

Why did Russian peasants burn their own fields and kill their livestock?

To deny resources to the advancing French army.

Who won the battle at Moscow?

The French.

Why did Napoleon retreat from Moscow?

Due to the harsh winter conditions and lack of supplies.

What was the biggest enemy the French troops faced during their retreat from Moscow?

The harsh Russian winter.

How many of the original 600,000 French troops returned to France after the campaign?

Only about 94,000.

Where was Napoleon exiled after his defeat?

To a small island named Elba.

Who became the leader of France after Napoleon's exile?

Louis XVIII, the brother of the executed Louis XVI.

What was the brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon called?

The Hundred Days.

Where was Napoleon's final defeat?

The Battle of Waterloo.

Where was Napoleon exiled after his final defeat, where he died six years later?

Saint Helena.

What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

To restore stability and order to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

What happened to France's boundaries as a result of the Congress of Vienna?

France's boundaries were pulled back to where they had been in 1792.

What does 'reactionary' mean in the context of post-Napoleonic politics?

Ideals that oppose progress and seek to restore previous political conditions.

How did the French Revolution influence people around the world for the next 200 years?

It inspired movements for democracy, nationalism, and social change globally.