plant architecture

plant needs

1. collection and conversion of solar energy - leaves

2. positioning + support - stems

3. Anchorage +absorption - roots 

4. transport - vascular system 

leaf structure

1. epidermis

2. guard cells

3. mesophyll

4. parenchyma

5. dicots w/ palisade

6. vein

epidermis

cuticle, protective waxy layer prevent water loss

guard cells /stomata

controls opening and closing of stomata

mesophyll

helps with photosynthesis

parenchyma

helps with storage, regeneration, photosynthesis

dicots w/ palisade

helps perform photosynthesis 

vein

helps transport

stem structure

1. cortex

2. epidermis 

3. vascular bundle

4. pith

cortex made of

1. collenchyma

2. sclerenchyma

collenchyma

helps plant bend

sclerenchyma

helps with support of plant

pith

middle of the stem

pro cambium

vascular cambium

ground tissue

dicots develop a central pith, monocots, have ground parenchyma 

root structure

1. epidermis

2. cortex

3. endoderms with casparian strips 

4. stele 

5. water transport pathways 

endoderms with casparian strips 

controls water entry 

stele

central vascular cylinder

apoplastic pathway

movement through cells

symplastic pathway

movement through small pores called plasmodesmata

xylem

contains dead cells : tracheas + vessel members

phloem

sieve elements + companion cells

tracheids

water-conducting cells in xylem that are long and narrow, supporting plant structure and aiding in water transport.

vessel members

are specialized cells in xylem that facilitate efficient water transport and are wider than tracheids.

sieve tube members

are a type of phloem cell that forms a series of tubes for transporting sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant.

secondary growth 

is the process by which plants increase in thickness, primarily through the activity of the vascular cambium and cork cambium, allowing for greater support and resource transport.

lenticels

are small openings in the bark of stems and roots that allow for gas exchange between the plant and the environment.

transpiration pull

is the mechanism by which water is drawn up from the roots to the leaves of a plant through the xylem, driven by the evaporation of water from the stomata.