GEN. BIO 1 12-STEM 1ST QUARTER - CELL THEORY AND ORGANELLES

What are the two types of organisms and their characteristics?

• Prokaryotes

  • Unicellular organisms - all cells perform all of same tasks inside the organism

  • Has no nucleus - instead has a nucleoid or a non-membranous nucleus.

  • Has a cell wall - a semi-rigid cell wall made up of peptidoglycan.

  • Mainly falls under Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)

• Eukaryotes

  • Unicellular or Multicellular organisms

    • Multicellular organisms - there are certain cells that perform a specific job within the organism.

  • Has a nucleus - meaning all genetic information are bound in the nucleus

This are filaments that are sized around 8-10 nm.

Intermediate filaments

These are composed of tubulins that form a hollow under a 25 nm in diameter.

Microtubules

These are made up of actin molecules that form fine fibers of approximately 7-8 nm diameter.

Microfilaments

This is an organelle that establishes the form of the cell and holds the organelles in place. It is also composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Cytoskeleton

This is the fluid outside the thylakoid where enzymes, the chloroplast's DNA, and ribosomes are found.

Stroma

What do you call a stack of thylakoids?

Granum (plural form: grana)

What are the flattened sacs located in the internal structure of the chloroplast?

Thylakoids

What is the term for the green pigment located in the chloroplast?

Chlorophyll

What is a chloroplast and what are its functions?

The chloroplast is an organelle that only found in the plant cell and other photosynthetic organisms.

• Serves as the site for food production, as it converts carbon dioxide and water with the help of solar energy to organic compounds such as sugar

• It also contains a green pigment which functions in the production of glucose.

This is one of the two components of the cristae that contains different enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes.

Matrix

This is a part of the mitochondrion which consists of infoldings that is responsible for metabolic activities.

Cristae

This is the usable form of energy for the cell to perform its functions and it is generated by metabolizing sugars, fats, and other energy sources with oxygen.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

This is the powerhouse of the cell where cellular respiration takes place.

Mitochondrion (plural form: mitochondria)

What theory states that the mitochondrion and chloroplast began coexisting in a single cell by establishing a mutualistic interaction?

Endosymbiotic theory

According to the theory on cellular evolution, what are the two organelles that were considered as autonomous organisms?

Mitochondrion and Chloroplast

This is where organelles that are damaged are digested and turned into monomers, which will then be reused by the cell for the repair, maintenance, and creation of necessary cellular components.

Autophagy

What is the enzyme that lysosomes use to digest excess or worn-out cell parts?

Hydrolytic enzymes

This is an organelle found in animals cells that carries our intracellular digestion by secreting enzymes which are used to digest all kinds of macromolecules.

Lysosomes

This is the vacuole's membrane and it protects the vacuole from the cytoplasm.

Tonoplast

What is a vacuole and what are its functions?

The vacuole is an organelle that is primarily responsible for storing important materials.

• Tends to enlarge as plant cells absorb water

• Serves as the main compartment for storing essential organic or inorganic compounds.

  • Also serves as a disposal site for substances that are not needed by the cell or that could harm to the cell.

What are the piles of flattened sacs in the golgi apparatus called?

Cisternae

This consists of stacks or piles of flattened sacs which are responsible for the packaging, sorting, refining of the products that the cells are making.

Golgi appartus/complex/bodies

This tends to lack ribosomes on its outer surfaces, but is responsible for various metabolic processes, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipid synthesis, and detoxification of drugs, chemicals, and poisons performed in this organelles.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

This appear grainy in structure due to the presence of ribosomes and is responsible for the production of secretory proteins, cell membranes, and transport vesicles.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

What are the two components of the endoplasmic reticulum?

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

This is a membranous system of interconnected tubules that serves as the transport system of the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

This are responsible for the process of protein synthesis, as it moves across the mRNA strand connecting it with an amino acid sequence. It is also known as the protein factory of the cell.

Ribosomes

This is where the subunits for ribosome assemble and this is where RNA are synthesized and mature to release to the cytoplasm.

Nucleolus

This refers to loosely coiled DNA stored in the nucleus during cell division

Chromatins

What is a nucleus and what are its functions?

The nucleus is the control center of the cell that contains a double membrane for protection and security

• Selectively permits certain materials or compounds to exit the nucleus.

• Holds genetic information

What is the fluid part of the cytoplasm?

Cytosol

What is a cytoplasm and what are its functions?

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance within the cell which is mainly composed of water and a mixture of dissolved substances.

• It fills the cell (except the nucleus) in order to keep the other organelles in its place and protects them from damaging.

This is refers to a movement that takes place when lipid molecules can move laterally across the membrane together with the irregularly arranged proteins.

Fluid Mosaic

What is a cell membrane and what are its functions?

The cell membrane is an organelle that consists of a bilayer of phospholipid with integral and peripheral proteins, enzymes, receptor proteins, and glycoproteins, which serves as the gate of the cell.

• Encloses the cell and separates it from the external environment.

• Actively regulates the substances that go in and out of the cell, making it selectively permeable.

These are membranous compartments in the cell that perform a variety of functions such as production, storage, harvesting, repairing, digestion, and maintenance within the cell.

Organelles

What are the three postulates that sum up to the cell theory?

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. The cell is the basic unit of life

3. All cells came from pre-existing cells

This person concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

This person is a botanist who stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells.

Theodor Schwann (1839)

He is a German botanist who concluded that all plant parts are made of cells.

Matthias Schleiden (1838)

He is one of the leading botanist that was able to state that all plants are made up of cells and was able to identify the dark dense spot in the cell called the nucleus.

Robert Brown (1831)

This is an obselete theory which states that all living things can be originated from nonliving matter.

Spontaneous Generation

He stated that all tiny living organisms (animalcules) can be observed under a microscope.

Anton van Leeuwnhoek (1676)

Who was able to observe structure-like compartments in a cork specimen and was able to coin the term “cell”?

Robert Hooke (1665)