Class 10 Social Science Part-1 Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary terms and definitions from Karnataka Class 10 Social Science Part-1 textbook covering History, Political Science, Sociology, Geography, Economics, and Business Studies.

Constantinople

Known as the 'Gateway of European Trade', it was the central hub of international trade between Asia and Europe until captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Blue Water Policy

A naval strategy implemented by Portuguese Viceroy Francisco de Almeida aimed at establishing supremacy over the ocean rather than land.

Dastak

A royal license or permit that allowed duty-free import, export, and transport of goods without paying taxes.

Black Room Tragedy

An incident in 1756 where Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah imprisoned 146 Englishmen in a small room at Fort William, resulting in 123 deaths due to suffocation.

Diwani Right

The official authorization or legal right granted to collect land revenue and taxes over a specified region.

Dual-Government System

An administrative arrangement introduced in Bengal by Robert Clive in 1765 where the British retained revenue collection while local Indian officials managed civil administration.

Subsidiary Alliance

A military protection agreement introduced by Lord Wellesley in 1798 requiring Indian rulers to maintain British army units, pay their expenses, and host a British Resident.

Doctrine of Lapse

A policy adopted by Lord Dalhousie in 1848 declaring that if an Indian ruler died without a natural male heir, his adopted son could not inherit the throne.

Permanent Zamindari System

A land revenue system introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793 making the Zamindar the official landowner responsible for paying fixed annual taxes to the British.

Mahalwari System

A land tax system implemented by R.M. Bird and James Thompson where tax agreements were settled at the level of 'Mahals' (taluks).

Ryotwari System

A land tax system introduced by Alexander Reed in 1792 where the tiller (farmer) was directly recognized as the land owner and required to pay 50% of produce as tax.

Athara Kacheri

The council of ministers established by Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar to assist in administrative governance in the Kingdom of Mysore.

Arms Act

A law enacted under British rule prohibiting Indians from possessing weapons without official government permission.

Satyartha Prakasha

A book written by Swami Dayananda Saraswati propounding his basic teachings and philosophical principles.

Purification Ritual

A ceremony conducted by Arya Samaj to re-admit individuals back into Hinduism who had previously converted to other religions.

Ghulamagiri

A book authored by Jyotiba Phule detailing the history of social oppression and slavery endured by lower castes.

Public Administration

The detailed and systematic application of law concerned with the integrated executive functions and day-to-day affairs of state governance.

POSDCoRB

An acronym formulated by Luther Gullick summarizing key administrative functions: Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting.

Direct Recruitment

A scientific method of personnel selection where qualified candidates are chosen for government posts through competitive examinations.

Indirect Recruitment

The appointment of existing government personnel to higher positions based on qualification, performance, and seniority (promotion).

Communalism

The division of society based on religion driven by the belief that different religious groups possess opposing identities and interests.

Regionalism

A strong emotional attachment or loyalty of people toward their local geographical area.

Demographic Dividend

A condition in a nation's population where the working-age population forms the majority of the total population.

Profiteering

The practice of extracting excessive profits from consumers or the general public through unethical business practices.

Smuggling

The illegal act of secretly moving goods across international borders without paying mandatory customs duties or taxes.

Social Stratification

The social practice of categorizing people into higher or lower classes based on criteria like income, education, caste, gender, or occupation.

Prejudice

An opinion or judgment formed about another person or community before gaining actual knowledge or experience about them.

Division of Labour

The distribution of work duties among individuals based on interest, ability, age, expertise, skills, and gender.

Specialization

The process of achieving advanced training, skill, and expertise in a specific field of work.

Paid Work

Employment or economic activity undertaken in exchange for monetary compensation such as wages or salary.

Unpaid Work

Activity performed without direct material or financial compensation, usually undertaken for personal satisfaction.

Organized Workers

Employees working in formal establishments regulated by specific employment laws, fixed working hours, and social security benefits.

Unorganized Workers

Labourers working in informal sectors not governed by formal employment regulations, legal protection, or fixed wages.

Siwalik Range

The southernmost and most recent outer mountain range of the Himalayas, characterized by narrow valleys called Duns.

Himadri

The Greater Himalayas range, permanently covered in snow and containing the planet's highest peaks.

Soil Erosion

The removal and transportation of topsoil from land by natural agents like running water, wind, and sea waves.

Pedology

The scientific branch devoted to the study of soil formation, structure, physical properties, and chemical composition.

Natural Vegetation

The community of plants growing naturally in an environment without human intervention.

Irrigation

The artificial or manual supply of water to agricultural fields through canals, wells, and tanks.

Multi-purpose River Valley Project

A dam construction project designed to simultaneously serve multiple benefits such as irrigation, hydroelectricity, flood control, and navigation.

National Power Grid

An interconnected electrical network created to transfer surplus electricity from energy-surplus states to power-deficit states across the country.

Rain Water Harvesting

The systematic collection and storage of rainwater from roof surfaces or runoff for direct consumption or groundwater recharge.

Economic Planning

A conscious process where a state systematically deploys its natural, financial, and human resources to achieve specified socio-economic targets.

Pre-harvest Technology

Improved agricultural inputs used before harvesting, including high-yielding variety seeds, fertilizers, chemical pesticides, and irrigation.

Post-harvest Technology

Technological infrastructure used to store, process, preserve, transport, and market agricultural products after harvesting.

Rainbow Revolution

The overall growth achieved through the combination of various sub-sectoral agricultural revolutions including green, white, blue, yellow, and golden revolutions.

Bank

A financial institution that transacts business with money by receiving public deposits and lending funds to borrowers.

Savings Bank Account

A bank account intended for salaried individuals and regular income earners to encourage small savings.

Current Account

A bank account meant for commercial entities and traders requiring multiple daily financial transactions without earning deposit interest.

Term Deposit Account

A bank deposit scheme where a lump sum is deposited for a predetermined fixed period at higher interest rates.