Science 9 Examination Review: Plate Boundaries, Newton's Laws, Electricity, and EM Waves

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Science 9 Term 1 topics: Plate Boundaries, Continental Drift Theory, Newton's Laws of Motion, Ohm's Law and Electricity, and Electromagnetic Waves.

Who proposed the Continental Drift Theory, and what does it state?

Alfred Wegener proposed the Continental Drift Theory, which states that the continents were once joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea and have slowly drifted apart to their present positions over millions of years.

What was Pangaea?

Pangaea was a giant supercontinent that existed millions of years ago.

What pieces of evidence support the Continental Drift Theory?

Evidence includes the shape/fit of the continents like puzzle pieces, fossil evidence of giant land-dwelling organisms across separated oceans, matching rock layers and mountain ranges, and ancient climate evidence such as glacial striations in now-tropical regions and coal beds in Antarctica.

Why was Alfred Wegener's Continental Drift Theory initially rejected by many scientists?

It was initially rejected because Alfred Wegener could not explain what force caused the continents to move.

What topographical evidence indicates plate movement in the Philippines?

Mountain ranges, volcanic arcs, island arc, and ocean trenches.

What geological evidence indicates plate movement in the Philippines?

Frequent earthquakes, active faults, and active volcanoes.

Which two tectonic plates interact to shape the geological features of the Philippines?

The Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate, whose convergent movement has formed the country's volcanoes, mountain ranges, earthquakes, and deep-ocean trenches.

What three main types of plate boundaries are shown in this diagram?

Divergent Boundary, Convergent Boundary, and Transform Boundary.

What occurs at a Continental-Continental Convergent Boundary?

Two continental plates collide, causing the crust to fold and uplift, forming mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.

Why does oceanic crust subduct beneath continental crust during collisions?

Oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust because it is denser than continental crust.

What features form at an Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary?

An oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate, forming a trench and a volcanic arc.

How is a volcanic island arc formed at an Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary?

It is formed when the leading edge of the subducting oceanic plate is destroyed, forming a series of volcanoes on the surface of the water.

What happens at a Divergent Boundary, and what features are created?

Two tectonic plates move away from each other, creating new crust and ocean and forming features such as mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.

What happens at a Transform Boundary?

Two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, causing earthquakes along fault lines.

What is the relationship between force and acceleration according to Newton's laws of motion?

Force and acceleration are directly proportional: more force produces greater acceleration, and less force produces smaller acceleration.

What is the relationship between mass and acceleration when force stays the same?

Mass and acceleration are inversely proportional: greater mass produces smaller acceleration, and smaller mass produces greater acceleration.

What are the formulas for calculating force ($F$), mass ($m$), and acceleration ($a$)?

The formulas are $F = m \times a$, $m = \frac{F}{a}$, and $a = \frac{F}{m}$, where force $F$ is in Newtons ($N$), mass $m$ is in kilograms ($kg$), and acceleration $a$ is in $\text{m/s}^2$.

What are the formulas derived from Ohm's Law for voltage ($V$), current ($I$), and resistance ($R$)?

The formulas are $V = I \times R$, $I = \frac{V}{R}$, and $R = \frac{V}{I}$, where voltage $V$ is in volts ($V$), current $I$ is in amperes ($A$), and resistance $R$ is in ohms.

According to Ohm's Law, what is the relationship between Voltage and Current when resistance is constant?

Voltage and Current are directly proportional: higher voltage yields higher current, and lower voltage yields lower current.

According to Ohm's Law, what is the relationship between Current and Resistance when voltage is constant?

Current and Resistance are inversely proportional: higher resistance yields lower current, and lower resistance yields higher current.

What is the relationship between Voltage and Resistance when current is constant?

Voltage and Resistance are directly proportional: higher resistance yields higher voltage, and lower resistance yields lower voltage.

What is the effect of adding more bulbs to a series circuit?

Adding more bulbs in a series circuit increases the total resistance, which reduces the current flowing through the circuit.

What is electromagnetic radiation composed of, and through what medium can it travel?

Electromagnetic radiation consists of transverse waves made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, and it can travel through a vacuum.

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency in electromagnetic waves?

Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional: as wavelength increases, frequency decreases; as wavelength decreases, frequency increases.

What are the applications of Radio Waves and Microwaves?

Radio Waves are used for TV broadcasting and telecommunications. Microwaves are used for cooking food and communication.

What are the applications of Infrared Rays, Visible Light, and Ultraviolet Rays?

Infrared Rays are used for thermal imaging and remote controls. Visible Light is used for seeing objects and displays. Ultraviolet Rays are used for sterilization and counterfeit detection.

What are the applications of X-rays and Gamma Rays?

X-rays are used for medical imaging and security screening. Gamma Rays are used for cancer treatment and sterilization of medical supplies.

How do non-ionizing and ionizing radiation differ in energy and biological impact?

Non-ionizing radiation has lower energy and generally causes heating. Ionizing radiation has higher energy and can damage cells and DNA.

Which types of EM waves are classified as non-ionizing, and which are classified as ionizing?

Non-ionizing radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, and visible light. Ionizing radiation includes UV, X-ray, and gamma rays.

Why do electromagnetic waves become more harmful as their energy increases?

They become more harmful because they can penetrate deeper into the body and damage cells and DNA.