macronutrients

name the 6 classes of nutrients

carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals, water

define the term energy balance

calories in vs calories out

what are the 3 energy states to be in?

negative energy balance, neutral energy balance, positive energy balance

what energy state results in weight loss?

negative energy balance

what energy state keeps weight stable?

neutral energy balance

what energy state results in weight gain?

positive energy balance

define gross energy

the total amount of energy supplied via food

Digestible energy is the energy remaining after loss in ____________.

feces (digestion and absorption are never 100%)

Metabolizable energy accounts for the losses in _______ and _________.

urine, gases

Net energy is accounting for the energy lost as _______ in digestion, absorption, and use of food.

Heat (also called heat increment or specific dynamic action)

Net energy can be broken down into 2 sub groups, they are called what? What are they for?

NEm for maintenance, NEp for production or growth (if there is NE remaining after used for maintenance)

define deficiency

minimum requirement for nutrient is NOT met

define toxicity

maximum level of nutrient is exceeded

what does it mean to have a complete diet?

contains all the essential/required nutrients for a specific species or life phase

what does it mean to have a balanced diet?

contains all essential/required nutrients in the correct ratios for the specific species or lifestage

what is the gold standard for AAFCO nutritional adequacy testing of a diet? does this use healthy or unhealthy animals?

feeding trial, healthy

what do veterinarians consider the most useful method of testing nutritional advocacy? does this use healthy or unhealthy animals?

clinical trial, unhealthy

In this example product, name the sources of protein

chicken by-product meal, corn gluten meal, wheat gluten

in this example product, name the sources of fat

chicken by-product meal, chicken fat, fish oil, vegetable oil

in this example product, name the sources of starch and fiber

corn, brewers rice and brown rice, driet plain beet pulp, fructooligosaccharides

in this example product, name the sources of protein

chicken, chicken by-product meal, corn gluten meal

in this example product, name the sources of fat

chicken fat, fish oil, dried egg product, chicken by-product meal, chicken

in this example product, name the sources of starch and fiber

ground whole grain corn, corn grits, dried plan beet pulp

in this example product, name the sources of protein

chicken

in this example product, name the sources of fat

chicken, soy oil

what is genesis?

production/building

what is lysis?

breakdown

nucleotide metabolism

DNA carries genetic code (in the form of nucleotides) for specific proteins, RNA consists of nucleotide codes that are translated into AA sequences

pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

synthesis of ribose-5-P to produce nucleotides

amino acid metabolism

production of nonessential amino acids, cellular portiens and urea (urea cycle)

in amino acid metabolism, what is transamination?

transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

in amino acid metabolism, what is deamination?

removal of an amino acid group from one molecule to another

lipogenesis

production of triglyceride (fat) from glucose

Beta-oxidation

break down of fatty acids to produce energy (ATP)

glycolysis

convertes glucose to pyruvate and produces energy (ATP)

gluconeogenesis

formation of new glucoes from glycerol, lactate, amino acids, and fatty acids

glycogenesis

production of glycogen from glucose stores

the citric acid cycle / krebs cycle

connects glucose, amino acids, and fatty acid metabolism through acetyl-CoA; produces energy (ATP)

the electron transport chain (ETC)

group of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membreane of the mitochondria; chain members transfer electrons in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions to form a proton gradient that drives ATP production, primary source of ATP production

meals and feral diet of dogs

larger meals consumed rapidly, scavenging rather than hunting is typical

meals and feral diet of cats

smaller equally distributed meals, feral diet consists of small creatures like rodents, birds, lizards

what is neophobia? is this common in dogs or cats?

selection of old diet (taste, texture, smell, etc) over the new one, in cats

cats vs dogs protein requirements

cats have a higher miniimum requirement, dogs have a lower minumum requirement

cats vs dogs taurine requirements

cats require taurine since they cannot synthesize it, dogs have no taurine requirement since they can synthesize it (with sufficient methionine and cysteine)

cats vs dogs argenine requriements

cats have DOUBLE the argenine minumum since they have very limited synthesis ability due to low enzyme activity, dogs have a lower minimum since they can make a limited amount (not sufficient to meet needs)

dogs vs cats protein intake adaptability

dogs are ADAPTIVE (gluconeogenisis switches off and on, urea cycle enzymes correlate with dietary protein), cats are NONADAPTIVE (gluconeogenesis and urea cycle are always on)

cats and dogs both need the same essential amino acids, what is the abbreviation to remember them?

PVTTIMHALL

compare fatty acid requirements of the cat vs dog

cats dont have enough enzyme activity to convert anything, dogs can produce a small amount of arachidonic acids from linoleic acid (still not a sufficient amount)

sources of PUFAs

corn oil, animal fat, flaxseed oil, cold-water fish/algae

are there starch, sugar, or fiber requirements? are they beneficial?

no, yes

in both cats and dogs how is starch used in the body?

source of energy (essential during lactation)

in both cats and dogs how is fiber used in the body?

metabolic regulation, fecal features, GI system, gut bicobiome health, immune system, plus more

rapidly fermentable fibers

prebiotic fibers— impac tmicrobiota composition, short chain FAs produced as energy for the GIT, fermentation increases

slowly fermentable fibers

bulking fibers or roughage: energy density and digestibility decreases, stimulates motility

2 subcategories of carbohydrates

non-digestible (escapes enzymatic digestion to be fermented in the colon) and digestible (digested by enxymes in small intestine)

non-digestable carbs

nonfermentable, slowly fermentable, moderately fermentable, rapidly fermentable

digestable carbs

complex carbs (starches) or simple carbs (sugars)