Cell Size, Type of Glial Cell

Golgi Type I
Golgi Type II

Type of Neuron based on CELL SIZE

length
axon

the classification based of cell size depends on the _____ of the neuron’s ____

Golgi Type I

have longer neurons (larger in size) and longer axons

motor neuron
pyramidal cell
Purkinje cell of cerebellum

Golgi Type I

• example are _________ and __________ → both have long axons 

• another example: ___________

interneurons of the spinal cord

Golgi Type II

example are ________________ → have short axons (which make sense they are placed in the _______ which is small)

Efferent Neurons
Afferent Neurons
Interneurons

Type of Neuron Based on Function: 

Efferent Neurons

carry impulses to end organs (ex: skeletal muscle cell)

presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neurons

most efferent pathway will be comprised of 2 neurons:

motor neuron
one

for a _________ or those that terminate on skeletal muscles, it is just comprised of __ neuron

2

but those that will be terminating involuntarily-controlled organs will have ___ neurons (presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron)

Synapse

space where two neurons will be meeting

Presynaptic neuron

neuron is before the synapse

Postsynaptic neuron

neuron is after the synapse

Afferent Neurons

Sensory neurons

Afferent Neurons

carry impulses to the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Bipolar neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons

Afferent Neurons

May be in the form of:

Afferent Neurons

Main function: receiving information from the internal and external environment

Motor neurons
Sensory neurons
Motor and sensory neurons

Interneurons - carry signals between;

Interneurons

mainly found in the skin or the Central Nervous System

dendrites

SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION

One of the major sites of communication in neurons is via their  __________

dendritic spines

SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION
Purkinje cells in the cerebellum
- dendrites will still be branching forming _______

Dendritic spines

will synapse with other neurons (one of the most common synapse in the Central Nervous System)

part of the neuron
synapsing

Another classification of synaptic communication: based on what _______________ will be ________ with one another

Axosomatic synapse
Axodendritic synapse
Axoaxonic synapse

Another classification of synaptic communication: based on what part of the neuron will be synapsing with one another:

Axosomatic synapse

synapse between the axon of one neuron and soma of another neuron

Axodendritic synapse

Axon of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron

Axoaxonic synapse

• there are some cases that axon may be innervated by another neuron

• axon of one neuron and axon of another neuron and synapse/ axon will terminate/ synapse will terminate with the synapse of the other neuron (two axons)

neurotransmitters

• Synaptic communication between neurons is usually or almost always in the form of __________ (there’s always involvement of ________ in synaptic communication between neurons) 

synaptic vesicles

neuron has ________ and these __________ will be containing neurotransmitters

passage of ions

SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION
- If not through neurotransmitters, it may be through the _____________

Presynaptic neuron

Between the Presynaptic neuron and the Postsynaptic neuron, which will be sending neurotransmitters?

Presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron

_________ → will form/send the neurotransmitters which will be received by _____________

nerve impulses

• the information that travels through the neurons will be in the form of __________

nerve impulses

are in the form of action potentials (neurons have the capacity to change their resting membrane potential, and this change is caused by action potentials)

100 mV
-70mV
30mV

• For most organisms belonging to the Kingdom Animalia, their impulses equates to_______

  • Resting potential:_______

  • Change:______ (charge of cell during an action potential)

Excitatory Synapse
Inhibitory Synapse

Nerve Impulses may be in the form of:

Excitatory synapse

will cause an excitation of the postsynaptic neuron

Excitatory synapse

will cause a formation of an action potential (excite) in the postsynaptic neuron

Inhibitory synapse

an action potential is prevented/inhibited in the postsynaptic neuron

Glial cell

outside the neurons, with relatively large-sized neurons (almost same size with the nucleus of a neuron)

Glial cell

mainly function to support the neurons

Neuropil

network of cellular processes

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglial cells
Schwann cell
Satellite cells

DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS/ SUPPORTING CELLS

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglial cells

Type of Glial cell Found in the Central Nervous System:

Schwann cell
Satellite cells

Type of Glial cell Found in the Peripheral Nervous System:

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

• synthesize the myelin sheath of axons

  • Another type of cell that synthesizes the myelin sheath: _________

• Found in the Central Nervous system

Oligodendrocytes

have numerous projections that myelinate several axons of neurons (can myelinate more than one axon)

Astrocytes

largest and most abundant glial cells

Astrocytes

Function: mainly cover capillaries or blood vessels that are present in the Central Nervous System

Astrocytes

expanded cytoplasmic processes, vascular end feet

Protoplasmic astrocytes
fibrous astrocytes

2 main types of Astrocytes

Protoplasmic astrocytes

have more cellular processes

Fibrous astrocytes

more elongated cellular processes

Ependymal cells

columnar or cuboidal cells (may have cilia or microvilli) glial cells

vertebrates

most ____________ have the cilia in their ependymal cells

ventricles of brain
central canal of spinal cord

Ependymal cells
- line the ____________ and ______________

Ependymal cells
neuropil

do not have basal lamina, basal projections, and extend to the _______

cilia

____ are observed in the apical domain of the ependymal cell

central canal
cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells

- inside the spinal cord is the ______, and inside it is the lumen which contains the ______________

Ependymal cells

glial cells that are found in the spinal canal in the Central Nervous System

Microglial cells
gray matter
white matter

smallest and rarest glial cells found in _____ and ________ of the Central Nervous System

Microglial cells

derived from circulating blood monocytes

Macrophages

________ are also derived from monocytes which functions for the phagocytosis of invaders

Microglial cells

these glial cells would have similar functions with macrophages since they are also derived from the monocytes

neuropil

Microglial cells
- migrate through the _____ for protective and immune functions

Microglial cells

Mainly function for the immunity of the Central nervous system

Schwann cells

derived from neural crest cells (synthesize myelin sheath)

Schwann cells

synthesize the myelin sheath of nerves in the Peripheral nervous system (for the axons found in the Peripheral Nervous System)

one segment

one schwann cell forms _____________ of myelin of one axon (myelin sheath of one segment of one axon)

Satellite cells
ganglia

• derived from neural crest cells

• form intimate covering layer of large neuronal cell bodies in the _______ of the Peripheral Nervous System

cell bodies

• these satellite cells are observed in a ganglion in the PNS

• inside the ganglion are _______ of the neurons of the Peripheral Nervous System

satellite cells

Cell bodies of the neurons are covered by cells known as the __________ found in the ganglia of the PNS

Satellite cells

Insulation, nourishment, and regulation of microenvironment