divided attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
joint attention
Focusing of attention by two separate individuals
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divided attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
joint attention
Focusing of attention by two separate individuals
directed attention
allows attention to be focused sustainably on a single task
attention
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
selective attention
the act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others
types of cues that can direct attention
exogenous and endogenous
exogenous cues
Things in our environment that we don't have to tell ourselves to try to find, things like bright colors, loud noises
bottom up
endogenous cues
require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it. E.g. a mouse arrow
top down
cocktail party effect
Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd
in-attentional blindness
failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere
perceptual blindness
inability to see something in plain sight because of attending to another stimulus
change blindness
when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene
distal stimuli
objects and events out in the world about you
proximal stimuli
Patterns of stimuli from objects and events that actually reach your senses
covert orienting
the act of bringing the spotlight of attention on an object or event without body or eye movement
overt orienting
the movement of attention accompanied by movement of the eyes or body
attentional capture
a rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement
neglect syndrome
damage to the brain causes a change or loss in the capacity of the spatial dimension of divided attention
vigilance attention
the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time
signal detection
the analysis of sensory and decision making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli
basal forebrain
a collection of structures that lie at the base of the forebrain and are important in the production of acetylcholine that is distributed throughout the brain
basal forebrain includes
nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, medial septal nuclei
basal forebrain is
major cholinergic output of CNS
executive attention
involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect
shadowing task
Two different sounds projected into different ears- asked to repeat one thing in one ear
Broadbent's early selection theory
All info in environment goes into sensory register, then gets transferred to selective filter right away which filters out stuff in unattended ear and what you don't need to understand it (accents etc.), and finally perceptual processes identifies friend's voice and assigns meaning to words. Then you can engage in other cognitive processes.
deutch and deutch's late selection theory
Places broadband selective filter after perceptual processes. Selective filter decides what you pass on to conscious awareness.
But given limited resources and attention, seems wasteful to spend all that time assigning meaning to things first.
Treisman's Attenuation Theory
Instead of complete selective filter, have an attenuator - weakens but doesn't eliminate input from unattended ear. Then some gets to perceptual processes, so still assign meaning to stuff in unattended ear, just not high priority. Then switch if something important.
Johnson and Heinz
proposed that location of the information attenuator was able to be varied by the listener depending on the demand necessitated by a particular attention task
Spotlight model of attention
Selective attention - takes info from 5 senses, but don't pay attention to everything.
aware of things at an unconscious level
resource model of attention
We have a limited amount of resources that we can pay attention to
priming occurs when
exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus
Multitasking
performing multiple tasks at the same time
task similarity
2 tasks are similar to the extent that they will interfere- share same modality, make use of same stages of mental processing, same memory codes, or same response mechanisms
Task difficulty
harder tasks require more focus
practice
activity that improves performance through changes in the nervous system
automatic tasks
Done without awareness
Ex: Driving a familiar route in low traffic
controlled tasks
ones that require flexibility and drain more resources; not typically multi-tasks
information processing model
model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages
input -> process -> output
the information processing model is a __
bottom up or stimulus driven model
the information processing model assumes __
limited storage capacity and serial processing, although the human brain is capable of parallel processing
serial processing
occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
sensory register
a memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
partial report technique
report one part of the whole field in cued recall, 75% of visual display accessible to memory
cued recall
A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.
partial report
an experimental technique in which participants recall just a specified subset of the study material, which showed that iconic memory has more capacity than was revealed by the full report technique
whole report technique
recall elements from original display in proper spatial location
35% correct
whole report is limited by memory system with capacity of 4-5 items
whole report
Having to recite a whole array at once.
working memory
memory that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory
7 +/- 2 rule
capacity of short term memory is approx. 7 items
short-term memory
working memory; briefly stores and processes selected information from the sensory registers
working memory is stored:
while it is held at attention
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
processing occurs at
visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonologic loop
visuospatial sketchpad
A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information
phonological loop
the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
phonological store
has a limited capacity and holds information for only a few seconds
central executive
the part of working memory that directs attention and processing
episodic buffer
A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)
dual coding hypothesis
It's easier to remember words associated with images than either one alone.
method of loci
A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations
operational span testing
A task in which subjects are asked to perform a simple mathematical verification (e.g., 4/2 +1 = 3) and then read a word, with a recall test following some number of those verify/read pairs.
operation span
the maximum number of items (arithmetical questions + words) for which an individual can recall all the last words
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare*
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.)
types of explicit memory
episodic and semantic
episodic memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things
Where is implicit memory stored?
cerebellum and basal ganglia
priming
the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus
negative priming
Prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably = influences the response to the same stimulus.
positive priming
Prior exposure to a stimulus favorably influences the response to the same stimulus
spreading activation
Occurs when one item brought into working memory triggers an activation of related memory
autobiographical memory
the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story
Encoding
the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it
encoding specificity
phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it
rote rehearsal
Retaining information in STM simply by repeating it over and over
Chunking
the grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term memory
mnemonic devices
techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information
types of mnemonics
pegword method, method of loci, keyword method
Pegword system
associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the number
acronym
a word composed of the first letters or parts of a name or series of words
Self-referencing
Thinking about new information and how it relates to you personally. Form of encoding
Spacing
Spreading out studying to shorter periods for greater encoding of information
Retrieval
the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
priming effect
the activation of certain associations, thus predisposing your perception, memory, or response
context
environment helps with memory
state-dependent memory
The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.
free recall
learning procedure in which material that has been learned may be repeated in any order
serial position curve
graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
schema
a mental representation that organizes information about a subject
false information
inaccurate recollections of an event