attention, memory, cognition, language, emotion

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divided attention

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concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

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joint attention

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Focusing of attention by two separate individuals

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KA 55-99

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296 Terms

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divided attention

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

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joint attention

Focusing of attention by two separate individuals

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directed attention

allows attention to be focused sustainably on a single task

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attention

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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selective attention

the act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others

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types of cues that can direct attention

exogenous and endogenous

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exogenous cues

Things in our environment that we don't have to tell ourselves to try to find, things like bright colors, loud noises
bottom up

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endogenous cues

require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it. E.g. a mouse arrow
top down

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cocktail party effect

Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd

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in-attentional blindness

failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere

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perceptual blindness

inability to see something in plain sight because of attending to another stimulus

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change blindness

when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

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distal stimuli

objects and events out in the world about you

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proximal stimuli

Patterns of stimuli from objects and events that actually reach your senses

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covert orienting

the act of bringing the spotlight of attention on an object or event without body or eye movement

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overt orienting

the movement of attention accompanied by movement of the eyes or body

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attentional capture

a rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement

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neglect syndrome

damage to the brain causes a change or loss in the capacity of the spatial dimension of divided attention

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vigilance attention

the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time

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signal detection

the analysis of sensory and decision making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli

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basal forebrain

a collection of structures that lie at the base of the forebrain and are important in the production of acetylcholine that is distributed throughout the brain

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basal forebrain includes

nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, medial septal nuclei

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basal forebrain is

major cholinergic output of CNS

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executive attention

involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

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selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect

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shadowing task

Two different sounds projected into different ears- asked to repeat one thing in one ear

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Broadbent's early selection theory

All info in environment goes into sensory register, then gets transferred to selective filter right away which filters out stuff in unattended ear and what you don't need to understand it (accents etc.), and finally perceptual processes identifies friend's voice and assigns meaning to words. Then you can engage in other cognitive processes.

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deutch and deutch's late selection theory

Places broadband selective filter after perceptual processes. Selective filter decides what you pass on to conscious awareness.
But given limited resources and attention, seems wasteful to spend all that time assigning meaning to things first.

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Treisman's Attenuation Theory

Instead of complete selective filter, have an attenuator - weakens but doesn't eliminate input from unattended ear. Then some gets to perceptual processes, so still assign meaning to stuff in unattended ear, just not high priority. Then switch if something important.

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Johnson and Heinz

proposed that location of the information attenuator was able to be varied by the listener depending on the demand necessitated by a particular attention task

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Spotlight model of attention

Selective attention - takes info from 5 senses, but don't pay attention to everything.
aware of things at an unconscious level

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resource model of attention

We have a limited amount of resources that we can pay attention to

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priming occurs when

exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus

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Multitasking

performing multiple tasks at the same time

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task similarity

2 tasks are similar to the extent that they will interfere- share same modality, make use of same stages of mental processing, same memory codes, or same response mechanisms

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Task difficulty

harder tasks require more focus

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practice

activity that improves performance through changes in the nervous system

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automatic tasks

Done without awareness
Ex: Driving a familiar route in low traffic

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controlled tasks

ones that require flexibility and drain more resources; not typically multi-tasks

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information processing model

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages
input -> process -> output

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the information processing model is a __

bottom up or stimulus driven model

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the information processing model assumes __

limited storage capacity and serial processing, although the human brain is capable of parallel processing

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serial processing

occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter

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parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

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sensory register

a memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information

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sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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partial report technique

report one part of the whole field in cued recall, 75% of visual display accessible to memory

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cued recall

A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

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partial report

an experimental technique in which participants recall just a specified subset of the study material, which showed that iconic memory has more capacity than was revealed by the full report technique

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whole report technique

recall elements from original display in proper spatial location

35% correct

whole report is limited by memory system with capacity of 4-5 items

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whole report

Having to recite a whole array at once.

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working memory

memory that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory

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7 +/- 2 rule

capacity of short term memory is approx. 7 items

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short-term memory

working memory; briefly stores and processes selected information from the sensory registers

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working memory is stored:

while it is held at attention

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serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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processing occurs at

visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonologic loop

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visuospatial sketchpad

A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information

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phonological loop

the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

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phonological store

has a limited capacity and holds information for only a few seconds

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central executive

the part of working memory that directs attention and processing

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episodic buffer

A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)

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dual coding hypothesis

It's easier to remember words associated with images than either one alone.

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method of loci

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

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operational span testing

A task in which subjects are asked to perform a simple mathematical verification (e.g., 4/2 +1 = 3) and then read a word, with a recall test following some number of those verify/read pairs.

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operation span

the maximum number of items (arithmetical questions + words) for which an individual can recall all the last words

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long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare*

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implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.)

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types of explicit memory

episodic and semantic

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episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

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semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

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procedural memory

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

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Where is implicit memory stored?

cerebellum and basal ganglia

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priming

the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus

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negative priming

Prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably = influences the response to the same stimulus.

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positive priming

Prior exposure to a stimulus favorably influences the response to the same stimulus

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spreading activation

Occurs when one item brought into working memory triggers an activation of related memory

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autobiographical memory

the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story

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Encoding

the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it

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encoding specificity

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

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rote rehearsal

Retaining information in STM simply by repeating it over and over

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Chunking

the grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term memory

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mnemonic devices

techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information

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types of mnemonics

pegword method, method of loci, keyword method

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Pegword system

associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the number

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acronym

a word composed of the first letters or parts of a name or series of words

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Self-referencing

Thinking about new information and how it relates to you personally. Form of encoding

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Spacing

Spreading out studying to shorter periods for greater encoding of information

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Retrieval

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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priming effect

the activation of certain associations, thus predisposing your perception, memory, or response

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context

environment helps with memory

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state-dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

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free recall

learning procedure in which material that has been learned may be repeated in any order

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serial position curve

graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list

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recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

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schema

a mental representation that organizes information about a subject

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false information

inaccurate recollections of an event