Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions

Conversion of carboxylic acids into esters.

*Note: Treat carboxylic acid with a base to turn it into a carboxylate ion.

Conversion of carboxylic acids into esters via the Fischer esterification reaction.

Conversion of carboxylic acids into acid chlorides

Conversion of carboxylic acids into amides

Reduction of carboxylic acids to yield primary alcohols

Hydrolysis of acid chlorides to yield acids

Reaction of acid chlorides with carboxylates to yield anhydrides

Alcoholysis of acid chlorides to yield esters

Aminolysis of acid chlorides to yield amides

Reduction of acid chlorides to yield primary alcohols

Grignard reaction with acid chlorides to yield tertiary alcohols

Diorganocopper reaction with acid chlorides to yield ketones

Hydrolysis of acid anhydrides to yield acids

Alcoholysis of acid anhydrides to yield esters

Aminolysis of acid anhydrides to yield amides

Hydrolysis of esters to yield acids

Reduction of esters to yield primary alcohols

Partial reduction of esters to yield aldehydes

Grignard reaction of esters to yield tertiary alcohols

Hydrolysis of amides to yield acids

 Reduction of amides to yield amines