Computer science illuminated chapter 13

Artificial intelligence

(AI)

The study of

computer systems that

model and apply the

intelligence of the human

mind

Turing test

A behavioral

approach to determining

if a computer

system is intelligent

Weak equivalence

The

equality of two systems

based on their results

Strong equivalence

The equality of two

systems based on their

results and the process

by which they arrive at

those results

Loebner prize

The first

formal instantiation of

the Turing test, held

annually

Semantic network

A

knowledge representation

technique that represents

the relationships

among objects

Search tree

A structure

that represents alternatives

in adversarial

situations, such as game

playing

Depth-first approach

Searching down the

paths of a tree prior to

searching across levels

Breadth-first approach

Searching across levels

of a tree prior to

searching down specific

paths

Knowledge-based

system

Software that

uses a specific set of

information

Expert system

A software

system based on

the knowledge of human

experts

Rule-based system

A

software system based

on a set of if-then rules

Inference engine

The

software that processes

rules to draw conclusions

Artificial neural

network

A computer

representation of knowledge

that attempts to

mimic the neural

networks of the human

body

Effective weight

In an

artificial neuron, the sum

of the weights multiplied

by the corresponding

input values

Training

The process of

adjusting the weights

and threshold values in a

neural net to get a

desired outcome

Voice recognition

Using a computer to

recognize the words

spoken by a human

Natural language

comprehension

Using

a computer to apply a

meaningful interpretation

to human communication

Voice synthesis

Using

a computer to create the

sound of human speech

Natural language

Languages that human

beings use to communicate,

such as English

Phonemes

The set of

fundamental sounds

made in any given

natural language

Voiceprint

The plot of

frequency changes over

time representing the

sound of human speech

Lexical ambiguity

The

ambiguity created when

words have multiple

meanings

Syntactic ambiguity

The ambiguity created

when sentences can be

constructed in various

ways

Referential ambiguity

The ambiguity created

when pronouns could be

applied to multiple

objects

Chatbot

A program designed to carry on a conversation with a human user

Robot

A ______ is made up of sensors, actuators, and computational elements( (microprocessors).