R3.3.3 Free radical substitution reactions of the alkanes

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6 Terms

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Why alkanes are unreactive

C–H bonds are nonpolar due to small electronegativity difference.

C–C and C–H bonds are strong with high bond enthalpies.

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Free-radical substitution

Reaction where a radical replaces an atom in a molecule.

Occurs in presence of halogens and UV light.

<p>Reaction where a radical replaces an atom in a molecule. </p><p>Occurs in presence of halogens and UV light.</p>
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Free radical definition

Species with unpaired electron, shown by a dot (•).

Highly reactive and short-lived.

<p>Species with unpaired electron, shown by a dot (•). </p><p>Highly reactive and short-lived.</p>
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Initiation step

UV light breaks Cl–Cl bond homolytically.

Produces two Cl• radicals.

Starts the reaction chain.

<p>UV light breaks Cl–Cl bond homolytically. </p><p>Produces two Cl• radicals. </p><p>Starts the reaction chain.</p>
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Propagation step

Radicals react with molecules to form new radicals.

Keeps chain going.

Example: CH₄ + Cl• → CH₃• + HCl.

<p>Radicals react with molecules to form new radicals. </p><p>Keeps chain going. </p><p>Example: CH₄ + Cl• → CH₃• + HCl.</p>
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Termination step

Radicals combine to end chain.

Removes reactive species.

Example: Cl• + CH₃• → CH₃Cl.

<p>Radicals combine to end chain. </p><p>Removes reactive species.</p><p>Example: Cl• + CH₃• → CH₃Cl.</p>