Neuroscience Review- Test 1

Anatomy

study of structure

physiology

study of function

pathology

study of diseases

Neuroembryology

normal and the pathological development of the nervous system

The Central Nervous system is made up of;

The Brain and Spinal Cord

The peripheral nervous system is made up of

The spinal and Cranial Nerves

The Medical Model of disability

Focuses on deviation from “normal” , fixing/ curing is the goal and the individual is perceived as faulty. Overall negative perception of disability.

Social Model of Disability

All about decreasing barriers, and increasing understanding, views the individual as unique and believes disability can be valued

Incidence

Total new cases within a time period

Prevalence

Total cases within a time period

Inflammatory diseases

Encephalitis/ meningitis

Systematic CNS atrophies

Huntington Disease

Extrapyramidal Disorders

Parkinsons Disease

Other degenerative diseases

Alzheimer disease

Demyelinating CNS diseases

Multiple sclerosis

Episodic/ Paroxysmal disorders

Epilepsy

Nerve, nerve root, plexus

bell palsy

Polyneuropathies/ PNS

Guillain- Barré syndrome

Myoneural diseases

Myasthenia gravis

Cerebral palsy, etc.

Cerebral Palsy

Other CNS disorders

Anoxia

Trephination

Cutting holes in the skull to fix headaches and seizures

Cardio- Centrists

A belief held by the Egyptians that mental functions were localized in the heart

Localization

the idea that certain parts of the body were responsible for certain mental functions

Phrenology

The art of telling what is wrong with the body by feeling bumps on the brain

Paul Broca

Discovered the area of the brain for speaking

Broca’s Area

Left front of the brain

Karl Wernicke

Disocovered the are of the brain for understanding

Wernicke’s area

Left back of the brain

Structural imaging

viewing the anatomy of the brain

functional imaging

viewing the physiology of the brain

Structural imaging examples

CT, MRI, Angiography, Agiogram

Functional Imaging ex:

PET, Magneto and Electrophysiology

CT

Pros: commonly used, easily accessible and inexpensive, Cons: Cancer risk, difficulty observing issues and lack of image clarity

MRI

Pros: Great images in multiple dimensions, no x-rays and no prep. Cons: More expensive, can’t do it with metal, must be still

Angiography

Pros: Great images of the vascular system. Cons: Invasive, and risk of bleeding or clotting

Spatial Resolution

The Location of brain activity when a stimulus is introduced

Temporal Resolution

the time between a stimulus being presented and the brains response to that stimulus P

PET

Pros: Good image. Cons: Invasive, radioactive material, more expensive

Magneto and Electrophysiology

Pros: low cost and readily available Cons: image quality( none)

FMRI

Pros: sees structure and function. Cons: expensive and not readily available

The anatomical position

body erect, palms out, arms forward, face forward

Anatomical orientation

from the head

clinical orientation

from the feet

The brain is ____ to the heart

superior

The heart is ______ to the brain

inferior

the sternum is ____ to the heart

anterior

The spine is ___ to the stomach

posterior

The heart is ___ to the ribs

medial

the ribs are ____ to the heart

lateral

the shoulder is _____ to the elbow

proximal

The ankle is ____ to the knee

distal

The cell’s wall is ____

peripheral

the cells nucleus is ____

central

Canadians drive ____ to Americans

ipsilateral

Brits drive ___ to Americans

contralateral

The vocal folds are together during phonation

adduct

the vocal folds are apart during breathing

abduct

bending the elbow

to bend a joint

straightening the elbow

extension

John sleeps on his back

supine

John sleeps on his stomach

pronate

Humans have how many chromosomes

23 pairs

Whole chromosome deletion

turner syndrome

partial chromosome deletion

Cri du chat

Addition of a chromosome

Down syndrome

Gestational age is based on

first date of a women’s last menstrual cycle

First trimester

1-12 weeks se

second trimester

13-28 weeks

third trimester

29-40 weeks

Biological development is divided into _ phases

3

Germinal stage

week 1

Embryonic stage

weeks 2-8

Fetal stage

week 9-40

What happens in the germinal stage?

Zygote forms and begins to divide/ differentiate

What happens in the embryonic stage

the Blastocyst impacts into the wall of the uterus and begins to form layers

Dorsal Induction is gestational age

3-7 weeks

Dorsal induction

period when the neural tube is formed

Neural tube defects

Encephalocele, Anencephaly, spina bifida

Ventral induction is what gestational age

2-3 months

Ventral Induction

Face and Brian develop out of the superior end and forms major components of the brain

Prosencephalon is the forebrain and turns into the

telencephalon and diencephalon

3 main parts of the brain ( originally)

prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhomebencephalon

Ventral induction defects

Holoprosencephaly

Holoprosencephaly is

the failure of the Brian to cleavage ( Lobar, semi lobar and lobar)

Neural Proliferation gestaitional age

3-4 months

Neural Proliferation

when new neurons are formed

Neuronal Migration gestational age

3-5 months

Neuronal Migration

new neurons move to their position in the brain, ends about 20 weeks GA and 6 layers are established

Neuronal migration defects

schizencephly, lissencephaly

Cortial organization and synapse formation gestational age

5 months to years

Cortical organization and synapse formation

Synapses form, and connections are built after neurons arrive at the intended spot

Polymicrogyria

Failure in cortical organization and synapse formation that leads to too many gyro and poor communication

Myelination gestational age

birth to years after birth

Myelination

neuron axons are coated with a fatty substance called myelin which speeds up communication between neurons

Adolescence begins around ___ years of age for girls and ___ years for boys

10-11, 11-12

Synaptic pruning

begins at the back of the brain and moves to the front, creates a dependence on the emotional part of the Brian since the prefrontal cortex is the last to be pruned

changes to the brain due to aging include

lost neural circuits, lost plasticity, dendrite thinning and neurotransmitter levels decrease