Карточки Intro to AP World History - Unit 6 - The Byzantine & Islamic Worlds | Quizlet

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Justinians Code

Laws of the byzantine empire based the twelve tables of Roman law, became a basis for laws in many European nations

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Nika Rebellion

in 532, the Blues and the Greens were angry with the government so they rioted in the hippodrome, but Belisarius and his men broke in and slaughtered 30,000 rebels

Iconoclasts

people who opposed the use of icons in worship

Icons

religious images used by eastern christians to aid their devotions

Patriarch

Highest church official

Schism of 1054

split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Excommunication

the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church

Slavs

the group of people in southeastern Europe who were the same ethnic group as the Russians

Cyrillic

relating to the Slavic alphabet derived from the Greek and traditionally attributed to St. Cyril; in modified form still used in modern Slavic languages

Constantinople

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire

Kiev

Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.

Dome of the Rock

Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock

The Thousand and One Nights

a popular Muslim literature that included collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends

Bedouins

small groups of nomadic people in Arabia

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.

Kaaba

(Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Hijrah

the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

Umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.

Quran

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

Five Pillars of Islam

five acts of worship required of all Muslims

Shahada

The confession of faith, the first of the Five Pillars and central creedal statement of Islam: "There is no god except God. Muhammad is the messenger of God."

Salat

Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca

Zakat

Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims

Sawm

Fasting during the month of Ramadan

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

Mosque

A Muslim place of worship

Sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and Sunnah, applies Islamic principles to everyday life

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

Sunni

a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam

Shia

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite.

Umayyads

A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus.

Damascus

Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate

Abbasids

The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ruled during the golden age

House of Wisdom

Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.

calligraphy

art of beautiful handwriting

Library of Cordoba

Center of learning and intellectual life in Spain which was established by Umayyads

al-jabr

algebra; mathematics created by Al-Khwarizmi

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Thoedora

Justinian's wife who urged him to stay during the Nika rebellions which kept him on the throne instead of looking cowardly

cyril

Along with Methodius, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

Vladimir of Kiev

Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity around 989. He ordered that his subjects convert, affirming the influence that Byzantine had on Russia.

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

Ali

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

Abu Bakr

First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad

Ivan III

"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia

Uthman

Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan

Harun al-Rashid

Most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights.

Ibn Sina

The famous Islamic scientist and philosopher who organized the medical knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into the Canon of Medicine

Ibn Rushd

Spanish-Arab philosopher; also known as Averroes; influenced by Aristotle, his best known writings explore the relationship between reason and faith

Al-Khwarizmi

muslim mathematician who created the technique of "al-jabr" or algebra

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Greek Philosophy

the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

Chritianity

A religion based on the life/teachings of Jesus as presented in canocical gospels and New Testament writings. Jesus is the son of God