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What is Antibody-Mediated (humoral) Immunity? (A, N, D)
B cells producing antibodies to neutralize or destroy specific antigens, primarily targeting extracellular pathogens.
What is the role of antigens in antibody-mediated immunity? (Tap, dn)
Antigens trigger antibody production by B cells, marking them for destruction or neutralization.
What are the 5 types of antibodies?
IgG, IgA, IgM IgE, IgD (GAMED)
Which cells are involved in antibody-mediated immunity? (BC,PC,MC)
B Cells: Carry receptors for antigens; differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells when activated.
Plasma Cells: Produce antibodies targeting bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
Memory Cells: Provide long-term immunity, enabling faster response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
How does Antibody-Mediated Immunity work? (M, P, A, D, P, D)
Macrophages engulf pathogens, present their antigens, activate T cells and B cells, leading to B cell differentiation into plasma cells and B memory cells. Plasma cells then secrete antibodies to mark pathogens for destruction or neutralization.
Macrophages eat, present, and activate; B-cells divide, remember, and produce antibodies
What are the Primary and Secondary Immune Responses? (Rfte) (Feremc)
PIR: Initial response to a first-time antigen exposure.
SIR: Faster and more efficient response upon re-exposure to the same antigen due to memory cells.
What is Cell-Mediated Immunity? (A, F)
The activation of T-cells to fight off infected or abnormal cells (virus, cancer)
How does Cell-Mediated Immunity work? (S, K, S, E, M)
Infected cells display antigens, triggering cytotoxic T cells to bind and insert perforin proteins into the membrane and kill them, stopping pathogen replication, exposing it to antibodies, and producing memory T cells specific to the microbe.
Infected cells show antigens; killer T cells destroy with perforin, stop replication, expose to antibodies, and make memory T cells
What is the role of helper T cell (A, A)
Helper T cells release cytokines to attract and activate antigen-targeting T lymphocytes presenting a specific antigen
What is the role of cytotoxic T cells? (M, K, Ss)
Multiply and kill cells displaying specific antigen, stopping pathogen spread
What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)? (S, P)
MHC proteins are 'self-markers' on cell surfaces, preventing immune attacks on our own cells.
They're on cell membranes, except red blood cells.
Define Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune, and Allergic Reactions
Hypersensitivity: Immune overreaction causing harm.
Autoimmune: Immune attacks own cells.
Allergies: Immune response to harmless things causing symptoms.
Define Natural and Artificial Immunity
Natural Immunity: Acquired through natural infection.
Artificial Immunity: Acquired through vaccination or deliberate exposure to antigens.
What is the purpose of a vaccine?
To stimulate the immune system to develop immunity without causing the disease.
What are the types of vaccines? (La, Kwm, S, T, M)
Live attenuated: Weak microbes give lifelong immunity.
Killed whole microbes: Can't multiply in host.
Microbe portions (subunits): Target specific pathogen components.
Toxoids: Inactivated toxins induce antitoxin production.
mRNA: Genetic material prompts immune response.
Why are some vaccines more effective? (P, V, I)
Pathogen nature, vaccine design, and individual immune response
Why do some vaccines require booster doses?
Vaccines with killed bacteria, toxoids, inactivated microbes, or subunits may require booster doses to enhance immunity because they don't produce as strong an immune response as live attenuated vaccines.
Dead vaccines need boosts for strong immunity
What is Herd Immunity? (V, P, Oi)
Vaccination or prior infection provides herd immunity, offering indirect protection to vulnerable individuals
What are some age-related immune changes? (d, c, v. S, l, v)
Aging leads to decreased immune function, cell production, and vaccine response, making older adults more susceptible to infections and less responsive to vaccinations.
What is the function of antibodies? (R, n, e)
Recognize, neutralize, and eliminate pathogens and toxins, protecting the body from infection and disease.
What are the steps of the Lytic Cycle? (APUBAR)
Attachment: Virus binds.
Penetration: Virus enters.
Uncoating: Contents released.
Biosynthesis: RNA replication.
Assembly: New viruses made.
Release: Viruses exit to infect.
