cell cycle

Cell cycle

the life of cells from interphase through mitosis

Binary fission

asexual reproduction carried out by prokaryotic cells

Walter Fleming

studied newt lungs and observed cell division, coined the term mitosis

Interphase

cells that are between mitosis

G-1 phase

gap (growth) phase where cells function normally and prepare for S phase

S-phase

synthesis phase, DNA replication

G-2 phase

gap (growth) phase that prepares for mitosis

Mitosis

division of the nucleus

32P labeled nucleotide

used in radiolabel experiments that found that interphase has two at least two phases, possibly three

G0 phase

cells exit the cell cycle, cells go about normal function without dividing

Quiescent

a cell state in which it does not divide but continues normal function

Checkpoints

points during the cell cycle where the cell makes sure the process is going as planned

Molecular switch

addition of a phosphate group turns activity of a protein on and/or off

Phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group

Dephosphorylation

the removal of a phosphate group

Kinase

enzyme that adds a phosphate groups to a protein

Phosphytase

enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein

Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK)

adds phosphates to other proteins to drive transitions between phases of the cell cycle

Cyclin

protein that helps kinases regulate the cell cycle

M-CDK

Activates the M-phase and deactivates the S-phase

G1-CDK

deactivates M-phase cyclin

S-CDK

activates the S-phase of the cell cycle

Ubiquitin (Ub)

protein that mediates proteolysis of cyclin

Proteosome

where ubiquitylated proteins are degraded

Apoptosis

programed cell death where an unhealthy cell participates in its death, less destructive to surrounding cells

Programmed cell death

apoptosis

Necrosis

cell death from injury or disease, messy and may harm surrounding cells

Blebbing

bubbling up of the cell surface during apoptosis