Human Anatomy

Def of Anatomy

Inside/Outside of the body structure

Microscopic Anatomy

Cytology, histology

Cytology

Study of Cells

Histology

Study of Biological Tissues

3 Types of Gross Anatomy

Surface, Regional, Systemic

Surface Anatomy

It is the study of the external features of the body and how they relate to the structures beneath the skin.

The bumps on your neck (Bones from Spine)

Regional Anatomy

study of the structures and relationships of all the organs and tissues within a specific region of the body.

Ex: Head

Systemic Anatomy

the study of the body’s structures organized by organ systems

Homeostasis

the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

Superior

Towards the Head

Inferior

Towards the Feet

Anterior (Ventral)

Towards the Front of the Body

Posterior

Towards the Back of the Body

Medial

Line center to the body

Lateral

Futhur away from the midline of the body

Superficial

Staying closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Staying deeper to the Body

Proximal

Closer to the attachment point of the Body

Distal

Further to the attachment point of the body

Transverse Plane

Horizontal Plane/Up and Down

Coronal/Frontal Plane

Front and Back

Sagittal Plane

Left to Right

Medial Plane

Middle Plane Midline

Parasagial Plane

Not center plane

Supine

Lying on Back

Prone

Lying on Stomach

Anatomical Position

The palms of the hands are facing the front w the same as the head

Superior 

towards the head 

Inferior

Toward the Feet

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards the Back of the Body

Medial 

Line center to the Body 

Lateral

Side to the Body

Superficial

Staying closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Staying deeper to the Body

Proximal 

Closer to the attachement point of the Body 

Distal

Further from the attachment point of the body

Coronal / Frontal

Splits body into Anterior and Posterior 

Transverse/Axial/Horizontal Plane

Up Down

Sagittal Plane

Left or Right

Oblique Plane

Any line plane that does not fall into any of the other categories

Medial Plane 

runs exactly through the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

Para saggitall Plane

Uneven Halves of Left and Right 

Four main general tissue types of the Body

Muscular, Neural, Epithelial, Connective.

Muscular Tissue

Movement via contraction
- Contraction of skeletal muscle

• Contraction of cardiac muscle

  • Altering the hspae of blood vessel walls and GI tract walls

Neural Tissue 

Communication and Signaling 

• Sensing and responding to external and internal environments 

• Communicate with other neurons, muscles, and glands 

• Supporting cells (Neuroglia) 

Epithelial Tissue

Protection, containment, transfer of material, body linings, glandular tissue

• Covering the body’s surfaces

• Forming glandular tissue (pancreas,liver, reproductive organs, etc)

• Forming the linings of different body cavities (lining blood vessels; lining respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary tracts)

Connective Tissue

Support and Structure

• Establishing the framework of the body- Bone, cartilage

• Transporting fluid and dissolved materials - blood/lymph

• Protecting organs - adipose tissue & organ capsules

• Supporting, surrounding, and connecting other tissues - fascia around the muscles 

• Storing energy = adipose tissue 

• Defending the body from microorganisms, Inflammation 

3 Types of Connective Tissue 

Loose Connective Tissues 

Adipose Tissue 

Reticular Tissue 

Loose Connective Tissues

Many cells, few collagen fibers

• Areolar Tissue = underneath epithlial surfaces, withing organs, mucous membranes

• Adipose Tissue= underneath skin, mesentery, bone marrow

  • Brown Adipose Tissue

• Reticular Tissue = lymphoid organs

  • Create a supporting structure and have a “net-like” appearance

Dense Connective Tissue 

Few cells, many collagen or elastic fibers 

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Skin dermis, walls of hollow organs

Elastic Connective Tissue

In the walls of large arteries, ligaments in the spine, lungs,bladder

Fluid Connective Tissue

(specialized connective Tissue)

Blood, Lymph

Supportive connective tissue

Bone (chondrocytes)