Bio Final

What important molecule was absent in Earth's early atmosphere?

Oxygen (O₂)

What are the three geologic eras?

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

What are the Paleozoic periods?

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

What are the Mesozoic periods?

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

What are the Cenozoic periods?

Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary

What hypothesis explains the evolution of eukaryotes?

Endosymbiotic Theory

Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, ribosomes, double membranes, and divide like bacteria.

What are homologous structures?

Same evolutionary origin, different functions.

What are analogous structures?

Different evolutionary origin, same function.

What is the earliest and best evidence of evolution?

Fossils

What is uniformitarianism?

Earth changes slowly over long periods of time.

What is catastrophism?

Earth changes through sudden catastrophic events.

What are the three types of natural selection?

Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive

What type of selection is based on the ability to obtain mates?

Sexual selection

What are random changes in allele frequencies called?

Genetic drift

What are the three patterns of speciation?

Allopatric, Sympatric, Adaptive radiation

What are the five stages of the viral life cycle?

Attachment, Penetration, Replication, Assembly, Lysis (Release)

What are prokaryotes?

Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

Peptidoglycan

What are the two bacterial types based on cell wall thickness?

Gram-positive and Gram-negative

What are the four bacterial growth phases?

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

What are protists?

Mostly single-celled eukaryotes.

How do amoebas move?

Pseudopods

How do flagellates move?

Flagella

How do ciliates move?

Cilia

How do sporozoans move?

They are nonmotile (do not move).

What are the four major plant groups?

Bryophytes, Seedless vascular plants, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

What is transpiration?

Loss of water through plant leaves.

What does xylem transport?

Water and minerals.

What does phloem transport?

Sugars (food).

What theory explains water movement through xylem?

Cohesion-Tension Theory

What theory explains sugar movement through phloem?

Pressure-Flow Theory

What is alternation of generations?

The life cycle alternates between haploid and diploid stages.

What is the haploid generation called?

Gametophyte

What is the diploid generation called?

Sporophyte

What are the five major plant hormones?

Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid (ABA)

What are the three body cavity types?

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate

What are the two digestive tract patterns?

Incomplete and Complete

What animals belong to Phylum Porifera?

Sponges

Characteristics of Porifera?

No true tissues, filter feeders, sessile, asymmetrical.

What animals belong to Phylum Cnidaria?

Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

Characteristics of Cnidaria?

Radial symmetry, cnidocytes (stinging cells), tentacles.

What animals belong to Phylum Platyhelminthes?

Flatworms

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes?

Flat body, bilateral symmetry, acoelomate, many are parasites.

What animals belong to Phylum Nematoda?

Roundworms

Characteristics of Nematoda?

Pseudocoelomate, complete digestive tract, unsegmented.

What animals belong to Phylum Annelida?

Earthworms and leeches

Characteristics of Annelida?

Segmented body, true coelom.

What animals belong to Phylum Mollusca?

Snails, clams, squid, octopus

Characteristics of Mollusca?

Soft body, muscular foot, mantle, many have shells.

What animals belong to Phylum Arthropoda?

Insects, spiders, crabs, centipedes and relatives.

Characteristics of Arthropoda?

Exoskeleton, jointed appendages, segmented body.

What are the five subphyla of Arthropoda?

Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda, Trilobita

What animals belong to Phylum Echinodermata?

Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars

Characteristics of Echinodermata?

Spiny skin, water vascular system, radial symmetry as adults.

What developmental group do echinoderms and chordates belong to?

Deuterostomes

What are the major groups of chordates?

Lancelets, Tunicates, Vertebrates