Metabolic Processes, Cellular Respiration, Nucleic Acids & Protein Symthesis, Tissues

Flashcards for review of lecture notes, created in a Vocabulary style.

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Cellular Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell

Anabolism

Small molecules are built into larger ones; requires energy

Catabolism

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releases energy

Dehydration synthesis

Smaller molecules are bound together to form larger ones; H2O produced in the process; Used to produce polysaccharides, proteins, triglycerides

Catabolism

Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones; ATP is produced

Hydrolysis

Used to decompose carbohydrates, proteins, lipids; Uses H2O to split the substances; Reverse of dehydration synthesis

Enzymes

Globular proteins that catalyze specific reactions; Increase rates of chemical reactions; Lower the activation energy necessary to start reactions; Not consumed in the reaction, so are used repeatedly

Denaturation

Inactivation of an enzyme (or any other protein), due to an irreversible change in its conformation

Metabolome

All small molecules that are part of the metabolism in a cell, tissue, organ, or organism

Metabolic Pathways

Series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product

Cofactor

Non-protein substance that combines with enzyme to activate it

Coenzyme

Organic molecule that acts as cofactor

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Deficient or absent enzyme blocks metabolic pathway that it catalyzes

Energy

Capacity to change something, or the ability to do work

Cellular respiration

Process that transfers energy from molecules, and makes it available for cellular use

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Carries energy in a form the cell can use

phosphorylation

Process of attaching a third phosphate to ADP

Oxidation

Releases energy from glucose

Glycolysis

First reaction sequence of glucose breakdown. Breaks down glucose (6-carbon) into 2 pyruvic acid (3-carbon) molecules

DNA Repair

Correction of a mismatched nucleotide by a Repair Enzyme

Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence

Tissues

Groups of similar cells with a common function

Histology

The study of tissues

Tight junctions

Membranes between cells merge and fuse.

Desmosomes

Form “spot welds” between cells

Gap junctions

Tubular channels between cells

Epithelial Tissue

Covers organs and body surface; Lines cavities and hollow organs; Makes up glands

Connective Tissue

Most abundant tissue type; Bind structures together; Provide support and protection; Serve as frameworks; Fill spaces

Cutaneous membrane

Covers body surface

Synovial membranes

Line joint cavities

Muscle fibers

Muscle cells