Chemistry unit 1

chemistry unit 1 test

What is science

a way of learning about the natural world that is based on evidence or logic. It is a process.

what is the goal of science

to understand why or how things happen

What is a scientific theory

is a broad explanation of a phenomenon that is widely accepted because it is supported by a great deal of evidence

what are some examples of a Scientific Theory

1. Big Bang

2. cell theory

3. plate tectonics

why are theses theories important

they explain known facts and make predictions for future investigation

What is a scientific law

statement describing an observed phenomenon

Examples scientific laws

1. Newton’s First law of motion

2. Newton’s second law of motion

3. Newton’s law of universal gravitation

4. Law conservation of energy

5. Law conservation of momentum

6. Law of conservation of mass

How is a law different from a theory

Scientific laws what always happens while scientific theories state why things happen

What is chemistry

the study of the composition of matter and the changes matter undergoes

what is matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

what is non-matter

any type of energy or any abstract concept

what are the 5 areas of chemistry

1. physical chemistry

2. organic chemistry

3. non-organic chemistry

4. biochemistry

5. analytical chemistry

What are the applications of those areas

1. physical chemistry- how matter behaves and chemical changes

2. organic chemistry- carbon containing compounds

3. non-organic chemistry-properties and behaviors of non-carbon substances

4. biochemistry- chemical structures and processes in living organisms

5. analytical chemistry- Identify composition of matter

What is inductive reasoning?

the process of drawing conclusions based on many pieces of evidence

Describe how inductive reasoning is used in science.

draw conclusions from evidence. (the conclusions of are changed if necessary to explain new evidence as it becomes available)

What is the scientific method

a logical systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. make an observation and ask a question- effect of IV on DV

2. research the topic( if needed )

3. make a hypothesis - If…then…because

4. design and conduct a controlled experiment

5. collect and analyze data

6. record and share results

What is CER?

Claim- answers the question(what do you know?)

Evidence- from your data (how do you know?)

Reasoning- a rule or scientific principle that describes why the evidence supports the claim

What is an observation?

any information that is gathered with the senses

what senses can we use to make and observation

smell, sight, touch, hearing, and taste

why are observations important to scientific investigations

they raise questions that lead to scientific investigations. the observations help scientists gather evidence

What is a hypothesis

an educated guess that can be tested with observations

What are the 2 criteria of a hypothesis

1. must be testable

2. must be falsifiable

what is an experiment

a controlled scientific study of specific variables

What is a manipulated variable

a variable that is changed by the researcher

what is a responding variable

a variable that a researcher predicts will change

what is a control variable

a variable that must be held constant so it won’t influence the outcome of the experiment

What does CER stand for

C- claim answers the question

E- experiment uses data to back or prove your claim

R- reasoning describes why the evidence supports the claim.

when is field study more appropriate than a laboratory experiment

when you want to investigate more on the environment

give an example of a problem that might be investigated in a field study

collecting samples of river water to test for evidence of pollution.

How does science advance

when new evidence accumulates and allows scientists to expand, refine, and replace on accepted ides about the natural world.

Why is communication important in science

to add to the body of science knowledge. useful for feedback from other scientists

Why are graphs important in science

they help us interpret results of an experiment

what do bar graphs show

how variables compare to each other

what do line graphs show

trends in data and how variables change over time

what are the graphing steps

T- title: effect of IV on DV or relationship between IV and DV

A- Axis: label your IV and DV on the correct axis

I- Intervals: decide the interval you will use to number you graph. make sure the scale is appropriate

L- Label your intervals or categories on the graph

S- Scale: make sure the scale is appropriate and spreads the graph over most of the paper

How should you determine your intervals

1. look at your data and determine the largest number that you need to graph

2. count the number of boxes on the graph paper along each axis

3. divide the largest number by the number of boxes

why is replication important

it is important so scientists can check their work