History, Evolution, and Milestones in Pharmacy

Flashcards covering the history, evolution, key personalities, and milestones in global and Philippine pharmacy practice based on the lecture notes.

Before recorded history, what was believed to be the primary cause of sickness?

Sickness was believed to be caused by evil forces and punishment from the gods.

ancient Babylon (2600 B.C.)

In this era and place, the roles of priest, pharmacist, and physician were all combined in one practitioner.

What details were recorded on the 80 clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia?

Symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, and an invocation to the Gods.

Who is considered the Father of Chinese Pharmaceutics?

Shen Nung (2000 B.C.).

What is the Pen T-Sao?

The Botanical Basis of Pharmacy, written by Shen Nung, containing native herbals like podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, and ma huang (ephedra).

What concept of health did Lao Tzu promote in 500 B.C.?

Health and prosperity through awareness and observance of natural cosmic cycles and Qi (energy) as a balance of Yin & Yang.

What are the dimensions and contents of the Papyrus Ebers (1500 B.C.)?

It is 21 yards (60 ft) long, contains 800 Rx mentioning 700 drugs, and describes Egyptian preparations such as gargles, suppositories, inhalations, poultices, and ointments.

Who is known as the Father of Medicine, and what method did he emphasize?

Hippocrates (460 B.C.), who sought the rationalization of treatment and showed the fundamentals of the scientific method.

Who is known as the Father of Botany?

Theophrastus (300 B.C.).

Who is known as the Father of Toxicology, and what was his famed formula?

Mithridates VI (100 B.C.), King of Pontus, who developed Mithridatum, an alleged pan-antidotal formula.

What was Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth)?

A clay tablet originating from the island of Lemnos before 500 B.C., which became one of the first therapeutic agents to bear a trademark seal.

What were Galenicals, and who introduced them?

They are a class of pharmaceuticals prepared through mechanical compounding, introduced by Claudius Galen (130-200 A.D.), who also created the first formula for cold cream.

Who authored De Materia Medica and is known as the Father of Pharmacology?

Pedanios Dioscorides (1st A.D.).

Who are Pharmacy's Patron Saints?

Damian (the apothecary) and Cosmas (the physician), twin brothers of Arabian descent martyred in the year 303.

Where and when was the first privately owned drugstore established by the Arabs?

In Baghdad, Iraq, during the late 8th century.

Who was known as the 'Persian Galen'?

Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980–1037 A.D.).

What was the significance of the Magna Carta of 1240 issued by Frederick II?

It created pharmacy as an independent branch of public welfare service by officially separating Pharmacy from Medicine in Sicily and southern Italy.

What was the first official pharmacopoeia in the European world?

Nuovo Receptario (Ricettario Florentino), written in Italian and published in Florence in 1498.

How did Paracelsus transform the science of pharmacy?

He transformed pharmacy from a botanical science to a chemical science by extracting active 'quintessences' from natural resources.

What was the first organization of Pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon World?

The Society of Apothecaries of London, formed in 1617 by Francis Bacon.

Which 18th-century scientist discovered the medicinal uses of digitalis and digoxin?

William Withering.

Which French pharmacists isolated quinine and caffeine?

Joseph Caventou and Pierre Pelletier.

Which German pharmacist isolated morphine?

Frederick Serturner.

Who discovered penicillin in the 20th century?

Alexander Fleming.

Who developed the injectable polio vaccine, and who developed the oral polio vaccine?

Jonas Salk developed the injectable vaccine, and Albert Sabin developed the oral vaccine.

Who is recognized as the Father of American Pharmacy?

William Procter Jr.

What were the contributions of Stanislas Limousin to pharmacy?

He introduced the medicine dropper, developed apparatus for administering oxygen, and invented glass ampules.

What were the three groups of native healers recognized by Spaniards in the Philippines?

1. Mediquillos, 2. Curanderos, and 3. Herbolarios.

What was the first pharmacy school established in the Philippines?

University of Santo Tomas (UST), founded in 1871.

What was the first pharmacy school in the Philippines run by Filipinos?

Manila Central University (MCU), originating in 1904 as Escuela de Farmacia del Liceo de Manila.

Who is known as the Father of Philippine Pharmacy?

Don Leon Ma. Guerrero.

Who authored the botanical work Flora de Filipinas?

Fr. Manuel Blanco, OSA.

What was Botica Boie, and who founded it?

The first drugstore in the Philippines, founded in 1830 by Dr. Lorenzo Negrao.

Who invented Coca-Cola in 1886 as a medicinal tonic?

Dr. John Stith Pemberton.

What does the symbol Rx represent?

It originates from the Latin word 'recipe', meaning 'to take'.

What do the cup and snake represent in the Bowl of Hygeia symbol?

The cup represents medicine, and the snake represents healing and wisdom.