Chapter 18: Well Being

Research findings indicate that exercise is associated with

A. Increases in energy and alertness

B. Increases in feeling of well-being

C. Increases in fatigue and anger

D. a and b

E. a and c

D. a and b

Research from Germany on the "runner's high" has revealed

a. endorphins were produced by the brain during running

b. no specific chemical effects associated with the "runner's high"

c. a runner needs to run at least 30 minutes to experience the "runner's high"

d. the "runner's high" is experienced more by females than males

e. the "runner's high" is only experienced by people under 50 years of age

a. endorphins were produced by the brain during running

Which of these statements was a conclusion derived from the National Institute of Mental Health workshop on physical activity and mental health?

a. Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health.

b. Males benefit more from exercise than females.

c. Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety.

d. a and b

e. a and c

e. a and c

Research investigating the relationship between exercise and quality of life has revealed that

a. older adults who exercise report greater life satisfaction and physical health

b. physically active individuals report more stamina and positive attitudes about work

c. there were no differences in reported quality of life between college students who participated in an endurance conditioning program and a comparable control group

d. a and b

e. a and c

d. a and b

According to research studies, the "runner's high" is experienced by approximately what percentage of runners?

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 75%

e. Results are inconsistent.

e. Results are inconsistent

The relationship between exercise and hardiness has been investigated. A hardy personality style is characterized by

a. a sense of personal control over external events

b. a sense of commitment and purpose in daily life

c. the flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes in life

d. all of these

e. a and c

d. all of these

The feelings characterizing the "runner's high" are similar to the concept of

a. beta waves

b. flow

c. transcendental meditation

d. peripheral narrowing

e. overtraining

b. flow

Which of these conditions is generally NOT related to positive changes in mood?

a. closed and predictable activities

b. enjoyment

c. rhythmic and repetitive movements

d. abdominal breathing

e. interpersonal competition

e. interpersonal competition

Various research studies have indicated that regular physical activity is associated with

a. positive mental health

b. frequent symptoms of anxiety and depression

c. reduced probability of hypertension and coronary heart disease

d. a and b

e. a and c

e. a and c

Aerobic exercise refers to physical activity that

a. is less than 10 minutes in duration

b. does not use oxygen

c. increases pulmonary and cardiovascular fitness

d. a and c

e. b and c

c. increase pulmonary and cardiovascular fitness

Exercise is related to increased quality of life as measured by

a. increased feelings of enjoyment

b. decreased feelings of stress

c. decreased levels of self-confidence

d. a and b

e. a and c

d. a and b

Research on the relationship between exercise and psychological well-being among HIV-1 populations showed that

a. anaerobic exercise produced the most positive psychological benefits

b. both aerobic and weight-training exercise produced positive psychological benefits

c. aerobic exercise had no effect on psychological well-being

d. a and c

e. a and b

b. both aerobic and weight-training exercise produced positive psychological benefits

Studies have investigated the relationship between exercise and multiple sclerosis (MS). Results indicated that exercise produced

a. less pain and fatigue

b. poorer sexual functioning

c. higher levels of energy and vigor

d. a and b

e. a and c

e. a and c

If exercise is to be used as an adjunct to traditional psychotherapy, then which of these statements is true?

a. Anaerobic activities appear to produce the most positive psychological effects.

b. A precise diagnosis of the problem and an individually tailored program of exercise should be employed.

c. Exercise therapy can be used for both underweight and obese patients.

d. a and b

e. b and c

b. A precise diagnosis of the problem and an individually tailored program of exercise should be employed.

The results of studies investigating the relationship between exercise and changes in self-concept have been inconsistent. The main reason for this is that

a. self-concept is a multidimensional construct

b. there were not enough subjects in the studies

c. self-concept cannot be measured through paper-and-pencil tests

d. a and c

e. a and b

a. self-concept is a multidimensional construct

The "runner's high" has been described as

a. complete joy in the run

b. a very alert mind

c. freedom from worry and guilt

d. all of these

e. a and c

d. all of these

According to Ismail and Young's study on the effects of a fitness program on middle-aged men, exercise

a. improves fitness levels

b. increases self-confidence

c. increases anxiety

d. a and b

e. a and c

d. a and b

Which of these psychological explanations has NOT been advanced to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and psychological well-being?

a. enhanced feelings of control

b. "time-out"

c. positive changes in personality

d. positive social interactions

e. feelings of competency

c. positive changes in personality

Which of these physiological explanations has NOT been advanced to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and psychological well-being?

a. increases in cerebral blood flow

b. reductions in muscle tension

c. structural changes in the brain

d. increases in endorphins

e. decreased maximal oxygen consumption by the tissues

e. decreased maximal oxygen consumption by the tissues

The effect of exercise on cancer indicates

a. exercise can cause breast cancer to disappear

b. exercise can be beneficial for breast cancer patients

c. exercise can be beneficial to non-breast cancer patients

d. a and b

e. b and c

e. b and c

In a study investigating the effects of winning and losing on psychological factors, results indicated that, 4 to 6 days after a regular season competition, winners (when compared to losers) exhibited

a. higher somatic anxiety

b. lower levels of depression

c. lower levels of anger

d. a and c

e. b and c

d. a and c

A study has shown that acute exercise can improve cognitive functioning in the form of working memory for people

a. over the age of 65

b. who are low in working memory

c. who have IQs under 100

d. under the age of 30

e. for whom English is a second language

b. who are low in working memory

To receive maximal affective benefit, one should perform a task at

a. 5% above lactate threshold

b. at or 5% below lactate threshold

c. at or 20% below lactate threshold

d. 25% above lactate threshold

e. none of these

b. at or 5% below lactate threshold

Research has revealed that for children and adolescents, increased exercise is related to higher levels of

a. perceived competence

b. depression

c. anxiety

d. a and b

e. a and c

a. perceived competence

Research with middle-aged women (likely to have experienced menopause) has demonstrated that exercise can help improve which psychological attribute?

a. self-confidence

b. self-esteem

c. self-awareness

d. self-presentation style

e. optimism

b. self-esteem

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity has been shown to improve ____________ in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

a. mood

b. cognitive functioning

c. self-esteem

d. optimism

e. hardiness

b. cognitive function

Which of these is NOT a reason given for negative reactions upon retirement from sport?

a. loss of camaraderie

b. loss of self-identity

c. inability to replace excitement of sport experience with anything else

d. loss of adulation from fans

e. decrease in financial incentives

e. decrease in financial incentives

Which of these is NOT a dimension of well-being?

a. self-acceptance

b. autonomy

c. trustworthiness

d. personal growth

e. environmental mastery

c. trustworthiness

Cardiac rehabilitation studies indicate that, for people with coronary heart disease, exercise can

a. reduce anxiety

b. reduce depression

c. increase quality of life

d. all of these

e. a and c

d. all of these

Which combination of intensity led to perceptions of more positive affect and enjoyment when riding a recumbent bike?

a. starting at low intensity followed by high intensity

b. starting at high intensity followed by low intensity

c. keeping a steady intensity throughout

d. switching back and force multiple times between high and low intensity

e. none of these

b. starting at high intensity followed by low intensity

Which type of exercise has been associated with improvements to learning as well as long-term memory?

a. long bouts of low-intensity exercise

b. long bouts of high-intensity exercise

c. short bouts of high-intensity exercise

d. short bouts of low-intensity exercise

e. keeping intensity at moderate levels, whether in short or long bouts of exercise

c. short bouts of high-intensity exercise