PE Paper 1

Fein Fein Fein Alreet

What are the functions of the Skeleton?

Support, shape, protection, movement, making blood cells and mineral storage

What are the three types of bones?

Long, short and flat bones

Example of long bone and it’s use

Humerus, used for gross movements

Example of short bone and it’s use

Carpals, provide support in the wrist, used for fine movements

Example of flat bone and it’s use

Ribs, protect vital organs, spread impact across their large surface area

Arm bones

Upper - humerus, lower - ulna and radius

Leg bones

Upper - Femur, Kneecap - patella, lower - tibia (large), fibula, feet - tarsals

Upper Body bones

Pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebral column (spine), cranium

Eight types of joint movement

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, plantar flexion, dorsi flexion

Flexion - definition and example

Closing a joint, eg: first half of a throw in

Extension - definition and example

Opening a joint, eg: the second half of a throw in

Adduction - definition and example

Moving a limb towards the ’centre line’ of the body, e.g: swinging a golf club

Abduction - definition and example

Moving a limb away from the 'centre line' of the body, e.g: lifting arms sideways (lateral raise).

Rotation - definition and example

Moving a limb in a clockwise or anticlockwise motion, e.g: turning the head side to side.

Circumduction - definition and example

A circular movement of a limb that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, e.g: bowling a cricket ball.

Plantar Flexion - definition and example

Extension at the ankle, e.g: pointing the toe in gymnastics

Two examples of synovial joints

Ball and socket + hinge

Two bones are joined by

Ligaments

Role of synovial fluid (and membrane) + cartilage

Synovial fluid - released by synovial membrane into joint capsule to lubricate joint

Cartilage - at the end of bones so that they fit together and can move smoothly

(Both help to prevent injury)

Isometric Contraction

The muscle stays the same length, so nothing moves eg: plank or other static hold

Isotonic Contraction

The muscle changes length, so something moves, eg: any gym exercise

Two types of isotonic contraction

Concentric + Eccentric

Concentric contraction

Muscle contracts and shortens, pulling on the bone to cause movement, eg: the upward phase of a bicep curl

Eccentric Contraction

When the muscle contracts and lengthens, helping control the speed of a movement, eg: the downward phase of a bicep curl

Antagonistic pairs

Pairs of muscles that work against each other, one muscle contracts and the other relaxes

Agonist

The muscle which is contracting (causing the movement) in an antagonist pair, eg: bicep in bicep curl

Antagonist

Muscle which relaxes in an antagonistic pair (allowing for movement), eg: tricep in bicep curl

Muscle to bone connective tissue

Tendon